Piper aduncum L.

Branch with mature infructescences.

Small trees of secondary habitats. Stem with swollen nodes. Stipules caduceus, not adnate to petiole. Fruits globose, whitish. Seeds broadly obovoid or square-globose, dorsiventrally flattened or inverted conical, 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.3 mm, brown, glossy, the micropylar end broader than chalazal end, the transverse section ovate or elliptic, the surface reticulate, the exotegmen cells often with large crystals in lumen, the crystals usually conspicuous on seed surface. Hilum small, whitish, in narrow depression; micropylar end with small white conical tip; vascular bundle short, not reaching chalaza. Seed coat of 2-3 cell layers; exotegmen with one layer of cells, the cells flat-rectangular in transverse section, the outer and anticlinal walls thin, the inner periclinal walls with papilla-like thickenings; mesotegmen with larger cells, the cells longitudinally elongated, filled with brown pigment; endotegmen present only at micropylar end, the cells with irregularly sinuate inner cell walls, the lobate intrusions arising from very thick cuticle of perisperm. Perisperm copious, filling most of seed, the cells thin-walled, filled with starch grains. Endosperm very small, restricted to top of micropylar end. Embryo globular, microscopic, ca. 0.04 mm long, rudimentary, not differentiated into organs.

Bat dispersers: Ametrida centurio, Artibeus jamaicensis, A. lituratus, Carollia brevicauda, C. perspicillata, Erophylla sezekorni, Phyllostomus hastatus, Rhinophylla pumilio, Sturnira lilium, Uroderma bilobatum.

Voucher specimens: Mori et al. 25223 (herbarium specimen), Peckham 54/2001 (fruits from bat feces).