Leccinum and Phylloporus in Costa Rica

R. E. Halling, G. M. Mueller, and M. J. Dallwitz

List of Characters

#1. Pileus <range in size of cap diameter>/
cm broad/

#2. Pileus at first <shape when young>/
1. obtusely convex/
2. convex/
3. plano-convex/
4. plane/
5. subdepressed/
6. subumbonate/
7. umbonate/
8. conic/
9. mammillate/
10. papillate/
11. pulvinate/

#3. Pileus with age <shape>/
1. convex/
2. plano-convex/
3. plane/
4. plano-depressed/
5. depressed/
6. subdepressed/
7. subumbonate/
8. umbonate/
9. concave/
10. conic/
11. mammilate/
12. papillate/

#4. Pileus <degree of moisture from less to more>/
1. dry/
2. moist/
3. tacky/
4. slippery/
5. subviscid/
6. viscid/
7. glutinous/

#5. Pileus <when young overall surface topography>/
1. entire/
2. even/
3. irregularly pitted/
4. pitted/
5. rugose/
6. rugulose/
7. subrugulose/
8. wrinkled/

#6. Pileus becoming <with age overall surface topography>/
1. entire/
2. even/
3. areolate/
4. irregularly pitted/
5. pitted/
6. rugose/
7. rugulose/
8. subrugulose/
9. wrinkled/

#7. Pileus disc <surface topography>/
1. even/
2. uneven/
3. smooth/
4. subrugulose/
5. rugulose/
6. rugose/
7. wrinkled/

#8. Pileus <disc> at first <surface color>/
1. brown/
2. brownish gray/
3. brownish orange/
4. brownish yellow/
5. camel brown/
6. cinnamon brown/
7. cocoa brown/
8. dark brown/
9. dark reddish brown/
10. gray brown/
11. mustard brown/
12. somalis brown/
13. vandyke brown/
14. violet brown/
15. pinkish brown/
16. orange/
17. dull purple/
18. yellow orange/
19. grayish yellow/
20. yellow/

#9. Pileus <disc> then <with age surface color>/
1. agate brown/
2. brown/
3. brownish orange/
4. chocolate brown/
5. cocoa brown/
6. dark brown/
7. dark reddish brown/
8. light brown/
9. mustard brown/
10. raw sienna/
11. somalis brown/
12. tan/
13. vandyke brown/
14. yellowish brown/
15. pinkish brown/
16. orange/
17. dull purple/
18. gray/
19. cinnamon brown/
20. yellow orange/
21. dull yellow/

#10. Pileus margin <surface topography>/
1. even/
2. uneven/
3. smooth/
4. subrugulose/
5. rugulose/
6. rugose/
7. wrinkled/

#11. Pileus <margin> when young <surface color>/
1. brown/
2. brownish gray/
3. brownish orange/
4. camel brown/
5. chocolate brown/
6. cinnamon brown/
7. cocoa brown/
8. dark brown/
9. dark reddish brown/
10. gray brown/
11. grayish yellow/
12. mustard brown/
13. somalis brown/
14. vandyke brown/
15. violet brown/
16. yellowish brown/
17. pinkish brown/
18. orange/
19. dull purple/
20. yellow orange/
21. yellow/
22. pink/

#12. Pileus then <margin with age surface color>/
1. agate brown/
2. brass yellow/
3. brown/
4. brownish orange/
5. cocoa brown/
6. dark brown/
7. dark reddish brown/
8. light brown/
9. mustard brown/
10. somalis brown/
11. tan/
12. vandyke brown/
13. yellowish brown/
14. chocolate brown/
15. pinkish brown/
16. orange/
17. dull purple/
18. gray/
19. cinnamon brown/
20. yellow orange/
21. dull yellow/
22. pink/

#13. Pileus <when young> surface <texture>/
1. glabrous/
2. finely fibrillose/
3. appressed fibrillose/
4. appressed fibrillose scaly/
5. appressed tomentose/
6. matted subtomentose/
7. matted tomentose/
8. subtomentose/
9. tomentose/
10. subvelutinous/
11. velutinous/
12. wooly/
13. granular-fibrillose/
14. fibrillose condensations/
15. subsquamulose/
16. scaly/

#14. Pileus becoming <with age surface texture>/
1. glabrous/
2. finely fibrillose/
3. appressed fibrillose/
4. appressed fibrillose scaly/
5. appressed tomentose/
6. matted subtomentose/
7. matted tomentose/
8. subtomentose/
9. tomentose/
10. subvelutinous/
11. velutinous/
12. wooly/
13. granular-fibrillose/
14. condensed fibrilloses/
15. subsquamulose/
16. scaly/
17. areolate/

#15. Pileus <presence or absence of> maculose <surface> color spots/
1. absent/
2. present/

#16. Pileus <color of these maculose areas>/
1. amber yellow/
2. brownish yellow/
3. cinnamon brown/
4. honey yellow/
5. light orange/
6. rosy pink/
7. yellowish brown/
8. yellow/

#17. <Presence or absence of> sterile appendiculate flaps <on pileus margin>/
1. absent/
2. present/

Sterile flaps refer to an extension (often considerable) of the pileus surface (pileipellis) beyond the margin of the pileus that doesn't support any hymenophore beneath it.

#18. With KOH <color produced>/
1. no reaction/
2. orange/
3. yellow/
4. orange brown/
5. ochre/
6. blue/
7. blue green/
8. red/

#19. With NH4 <color produced>/
1. no reaction/
2. blue/
3. blue green/
4. pale brown/
5. brown/
6. orange/
7. red/
8. dull lilac/
9. purple/

#20. <Pileus> flesh <thickness>/
mm thick/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive.

#21. <Pileus> flesh <color>/
1. white/
2. white with a grayish lilac tint/
3. white with pale violet brown tint/
4. white with thin dark pink zone under pileus surface/
5. yellowish white/
6. orange white/
7. yellow/
8. pale pink/
9. pale yellow/
10. pale brown/
11. pale lilac brown/
12. gray/
13. black/
14. violet/
15. purple/
16. lilac/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive.

#22. <Pileus flesh> staining <color when exposed>/
1. absent/
2. blue/
3. blue green/
4. fuscous/
5. pink/
6. pink followed by fuscous/
7. red/
8. reddish orange/
9. pale red/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive.

#23. <Pileus flesh with> odor/
1. absent/
2. mild/
3. of bitter almonds/
4. farinaceous/
5. fetid/
6. alliaceous/
7. fragrant/
8. fruity/
9. spicy/
10. spermatic/
11. pungent but not idiosyncratic/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive.

#24. <Pileus flesh> taste/
1. absent/
2. slight/
3. mild/
4. bitter/
5. acrid/
6. sweet/
7. farinaceous/
8. soapy/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive.

#25. <Color of pileus flesh> with NH4/
1. no reaction/
2. blue/
3. blue green/
4. dull lilac/
5. purple/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive.

#26. <Color of pileus flesh> with FeSO4/
1. no reaction/
2. olivaceous/
3. pink/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive.

#27. Partial veil <presence or absence>/
1. absent/
2. present/

#28. Hymenophore <tubulose or lamellate or subporoid>/
1. lamellate/
2. tubulose/
3. subporoid/

The "hymenophore" supports the reproductive or spore-producing region (the hymenium) of the mushroom. It is typically in the form of vertically oriented, small cylinders (tubes whose visible openings are called pores, STATE=tubulose) or radially arranged plates (lamellae, STATE=lamellate). If hymenophoral tissue connnects adjacent lamellae in a perpendicular fashion, the STATE= subporoid.

#29. <Hymenophore attachment to stipe>/
1. free/
2. adnexed/
3. depressed/
4. deeply depressed/
5. decurrent/
6. subdecurrent/
7. sinuate/
8. adnate/
9. emarginate/

The "hymenophore" supports the reproductive or spore-producing region (the hymenium) of the mushroom. It is typically in the form of vertically oriented, small cylinders (tubes whose visible openings are called pores, STATE=tubulose) or radially arranged plates (lamellae, STATE=lamellate). If hymenophoral tissue connnects adjacent lamellae in a perpendicular fashion, the STATE= subporoid.

#30. <Mature> tubes <maximum length>/
mm long/

#31. Tubes <color when young>/
1. grayish yellow/
2. light yellow/
3. pale yellow/
4. sordid golden yellow/
5. wax yellow/
6. yellow/
7. yellowish white/
8. light brown/
9. brown/
10. dark brown/
11. pinkish flesh color/
12. brownish purple/

#32. Tubes becoming <color with age>/
1. brownish orange/
2. grayish yellow/
3. greenish yellow/
4. sordid golden yellow/
5. wax yellow/
6. olive yellow/
7. mustard yellow/
8. light brown/
9. rusty brown/
10. grayish brown/
11. dark brown/
12. purplish brown/
13. pale pink/
14. pinkish gray/
15. pinkish flesh color/

#33. Tubes <color change when exposed or injured>/
1. unchanging when injured/
2. near bronze-yellow when injured/
3. avellaneous when injured/
4. blue when injured/
5. blue green when injured/
6. pale brown when injured/
7. red when injured/
8. red then black when injured/
9. black when injured/
10. rusty brown when injured/

#34. Pores <diameter>/
mm wide/

#35. <Pores number per millimeter>/
per mm/

#36. <Pores color when young>/
1. dark brown/
2. yellow/
3. deep yellow/
4. flesh pink/
5. white/
6. red/
7. purplish brown/
8. black/

#37. Then <pores color with age>/
1. dark pinkish brown/
2. flesh pink/
3. sordid khaki yellow/
4. red/
5. yellowish green/
6. grayish yellow/
7. purple/
8. black/
9. light brown/
10. pinkish gray/

#38. <Pores color change when injured>/
1. unchanging when injured/
2. blue when bruised/
3. blue green when bruised/
4. pale brown when bruised/
5. brown when bruised/
6. light cinnamon brown when bruised/
7. dark reddish brown when bruised/
8. red when bruised/
9. black when bruised/
10. red then black when bruised/
11. pink when bruised/
12. avellaneous when bruised/

#39. Lamellae <width>/
mm wide/

#40. Lamellae <spacing>/
1. crowded/
2. subclose/
3. close/
4. subdistant/
5. distant/
6. remote/

#41. Lamellae <shape>/
1. ventricose/
2. fusiform/
3. equal/

#42. Lamellae <form>/
1. anastamosing/
2. not anastamosing/
3. subporoid/
4. not poroid/

#43. Lamellae <presence of interveins>/
1. intervenose/
2. not intervenose/

#44. Lamellae <arrangement>/
1. boletinoid/
2. forked/
3. simple/

#45. Lamellae <arrangement>/
1. tridymous/
2. tetradymous/

#46. Lamellae when young <color>/
1. white/
2. cream white/
3. yellow/
4. yellowish green/
5. yellowish gray/
6. orange/
7. orange brown/
8. orange red/
9. red/
10. pink/
11. green/
12. rusty brown/
13. blue/
14. violet/
15. lilac/
16. lilac-pink/
17. lilac-blue/
18. gray/
19. grayish yellow/

#47. Lamellae with age <color>/
1. white/
2. cream white/
3. yellowish green/
4. yellowish gray/
5. yellow/
6. orange/
7. orange brown/
8. red/
9. orange red/
10. brown/
11. rusty brown/
12. blue/
13. green/
14. lilac/
15. lilac pink/
16. lilac blue/
17. yellowish brown/
18. gray/

#48. Lamellae staining <color>/
1. absent/
2. blue/
3. green/
4. blue green/
5. brown/
6. black/
7. red/
8. red then black/
9. black/
10. yellow/
11. orange/

#49. Lamellae edges <morphology>/
1. even/
2. wavy/
3. dentate/
4. serrate/
5. eroded/
6. irregular <but not as above>/

#50. Lamellae <color produced> with FeSO4/
1. olivaceous/
2. pink/

#51. <Color produced> with KOH <reaction>/
1. ochre/
2. yellow/
3. orange/
4. red/
5. green/
6. blue/
7. blue green/
8. brown/

#52. <Mature> stipe <range in length>/
cm long/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#53. <Mature> stipe <range in width at apex>/
mm wide/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#54. Stipe <shape>/
1. equal/
2. subequal/
3. subclavate/
4. clavate/
5. bulbous/
6. subbulbous/
7. tapering downwards/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#55. Stipe <curvature>/
1. strict/
2. curved/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#56. Stipe <radicating or not radicating>/
1. not radicating/
2. radicating/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#57. Stipe <degree of moisture content>/
1. dry/
2. moist/
3. viscid/
4. subviscid/
5. glutinous/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#58. Stipe upper half when young <surface texture>/
1. glabrous/
2. subglabrous/
3. finely scabrous/
4. scabrous/
5. finely subscabrous/
6. finely subpruinose ridged/
7. subpruinose/
8. pruinose/
9. ridged with pallid ridges/
10. slightly roughened-fibrillose/
11. floccose/
12. fibrillose/
13. subfibrillose/
14. pustulate/
15. punctate/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#59. Stipe <upper half when young color>/
1. white/
2. pale yellow/
3. yellow/
4. very pale violet/
5. red/
6. orange/
7. pinkish brown/
8. pale brown/
9. brown/
10. pallid/
11. light cinnamon/
12. gray/
13. gray brown/
14. blue/
15. lilac/
16. pink/
17. cream colored/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#60. Stipe <upper half> with age <surface texture>/
1. glabrous/
2. subglabrous/
3. finely subpruinose ridged/
4. subpruinose/
5. pruinose/
6. ridged with pallid ridges/
7. slightly roughened-fibrillose/
8. finely subscabrous/
9. scabrous/
10. floccose/
11. fibrillose/
12. subfibrillose/
13. pustulate/
14. punctate/
15. subreticulate/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#61. Stipe <upper half with age color>/
1. dark sordid yellow/
2. grayish yellow/
3. pale gray, sometimes with pale yellowish-green tints/
4. very pale violet/
5. white/
6. yellow/
7. red/
8. orange/
9. pinkish brown/
10. pale brown/
11. brown/
12. light cinnamon/
13. lilac/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#62. Stipe lower half when young <surface texture>/
1. glabrous/
2. subglabrous/
3. finely scabrous/
4. scabrous/
5. finely subscabrous/
6. ridged with pallid ridges/
7. subpruinose/
8. pruinose/
9. subscabrous ridged/
10. slightly roughened-fibrillose/
11. floccose/
12. fibrillose/
13. subfibrillose/
14. pustulate/
15. punctate/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#63. Stipe <lower half when young color>/
1. white/
2. pale yellow/
3. yellow/
4. pallid/
5. sordid yellow/
6. very pale violet/
7. red/
8. orange/
9. pinkish brown/
10. pale brown/
11. brown/
12. light cinnamon/
13. gray brown/
14. blue/
15. lilac/
16. pink/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#64. Stipe <lower half> with age <surface texture>/
1. glabrous/
2. subglabrous/
3. finely scabrous/
4. ridged with pallid ridges/
5. subscabrous ridged/
6. slightly roughened-fibrillose/
7. subpruinose/
8. finely subscabrous/
9. scabrous/
10. floccose/
11. fibrillose/
12. subfibrillose/
13. pruinose/
14. pustulate/
15. punctate/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#65. Stipe <lower half with age color>/
1. grayish yellow/
2. pale gray, sometimes with pale yellowish-green tints/
3. pallid/
4. pink/
5. sordid yellow/
6. very pale violet/
7. white/
8. yellow/
9. red/
10. orange/
11. pinkish brown/
12. pale brown/
13. brown/
14. light cinnamon/
15. lilac/
16. lilac gray/

Stipe refers to the "stem" of a mushroom. Size, shape, surface texture and color are the primary features to observe.

#66. Scabers on upper half when young <color>/
1. white/
2. rosy pink/
3. pale yellow/
4. yellow/
5. cinnamon/
6. gray/
7. gray brown/
8. brown/
9. black/

Scabers are small recurved squamules (formed by clusters of caulocystidia). Their presence is a hallmark feature of Leccinum. Color, distribution, and color change are features to note.

#67. <Scaber color upper half> with age/
1. black/
2. brown/
3. light brown/
4. brownish orange/
5. brownish yellow/
6. cinnamon/
7. clay/
8. tan/
9. dull pink/
10. gray/
11. gray brown/
12. pale yellow/
13. yellow ochre/

Scabers are small recurved squamules (formed by clusters of caulocystidia). Their presence is a hallmark feature of Leccinum. Color, distribution, and color change are features to note.

#68. <Scaber color> on lower half when young/
1. white/
2. rosy pink/
3. yellow/
4. tan/
5. clay/
6. gray/
7. dark gray/
8. gray brown/
9. brown/
10. black/

Scabers are small recurved squamules (formed by clusters of caulocystidia). Their presence is a hallmark feature of Leccinum. Color, distribution, and color change are features to note.

#69. <Scaber color on lower half of stipe> with age/
1. black/
2. brown/
3. light brown/
4. gray/
5. dark gray/
6. dull pink/
7. gray/
8. gray brown/
9. tan/
10. clay/
11. yellow/
12. brownish yellow/
13. brownish orange/

Scabers are small recurved squamules (formed by clusters of caulocystidia). Their presence is a hallmark feature of Leccinum. Color, distribution, and color change are features to note.

#70. Stipe base <color>/
1. white/
2. pale yellow/
3. yellow/
4. chrome yellow/
5. cadmium orange/

#71. Stipe staining <color at base>/
1. not present/
2. green/
3. blue green/
4. deep blue/
5. fuscous/
6. avellaneous/
7. brown/
8. yellow/
9. yellow brown/
10. red/
11. orange/
12. black/

#72. Stipe interior <consistency>/
1. solid/
2. stuffed/
3. soon hollow/
4. hollow/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive. Color perception varies among people. When in doubt, select more than one state (e.g., green, blue green, blue).

#73. Stipe flesh above when young <color>/
1. white/
2. whitish yellow/
3. yellow/
4. brown/
5. pale purple/
6. pale cinnamon/
7. pale violet brown/
8. lilac brown/
9. grayish lilac/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive. Color perception varies among people. When in doubt, select more than one state (e.g., green, blue green, blue).

#74. Stipe <flesh above> with age <color>/
1. white/
2. whitish yellow/
3. yellow/
4. brown/
5. pale purple/
6. pale cinnamon/
7. pale violet brown/
8. pale lilac brown/
9. grayish lilac/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive. Color perception varies among people. When in doubt, select more than one state (e.g., green, blue green, blue).

#75. Stipe <upper stipe flesh> staining <color>/
1. not present/
2. blue/
3. dark blue/
4. greenish blue/
5. pink/
6. pink <first then> fuscous/
7. pinkish brown/
8. <directly> fuscous/
9. red/
10. reddish orange/
11. rusty-ochraceous/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive. Color perception varies among people. When in doubt, select more than one state (e.g., green, blue green, blue).

#76. Stipe flesh at base when young <color>/
1. white/
2. yellow/
3. chrome yellow/
4. cadmium orange/
5. marbled brown and white/
6. pale violet brown/
7. pale lilac brown/
8. grayish lilac/
9. whitish yellow/
10. pale cinnamon/
11. pale purple/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive. Color perception varies among people. When in doubt, select more than one state (e.g., green, blue green, blue).

#77. <Stipe flesh at base> with age <color>/
1. white/
2. yellow/
3. chrome yellow/
4. cadmium orange/
5. marbled brown and white/
6. pale violet brown/
7. pale lilac brown/
8. grayish lilac/
9. whitish yellow/
10. pale cinnamon/
11. pale purple/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive. Color perception varies among people. When in doubt, select more than one state (e.g., green, blue green, blue).

#78. <Lower stipe flesh> staining <color>/
1. not present/
2. blue/
3. dark blue/
4. greenish blue/
5. pink/
6. pink <first then> fuscous/
7. pinkish brown/
8. fuscous <directly>/
9. red/
10. reddish orange/
11. rusty-ochraceous/

The "flesh" refers to the context (or trama); the inside tissues of the cap and stipe (stem). Oxidation reactions (changes in color on exposure to air) are extremely important for identification and may occur quickly or slowly depending on the taxon. Fresh specimens are highly desirable; dessicated or old material might be unresponsive. Color perception varies among people. When in doubt, select more than one state (e.g., green, blue green, blue).

#79. <Stipe flesh color produced> with FeSO4/
1. no reaction/
2. olivaceous/
3. pink/

#80. <Stipe flesh color produced> with KOH/
1. no reaction/
2. ochre/
3. orange/
4. yellow/
5. red/
6. brown/
7. blue/
8. green/

#81. <Stipe flesh color produced> with NH4/
1. no reaction/
2. bright grass-green at stipe base/
3. blue green/

#82. Basal mycelium <color>/
1. white/
2. white, changing to blue when picked/
3. yellow/
4. pale yellow/
5. pink/
6. violet/
7. orange/

#83. Basidiospores <color in fresh deposit>/
1. white/
2. cream white/
3. yellow/
4. pinkish flesh/
5. salmon pink/
6. chocolate brown/
7. cinnamon brown/
8. olive brown/
9. umber brown/
10. rusty brown/
11. vinaceous brown/
12. yellow brown/
13. dull brown/
14. brownish olive/
15. olive/
16. black/
17. pinkish brown/
18. orange brown/

This is commonly referred to as a "spore print." A stipeless cap is placed hymenophore down on WHITE paper for several hours or overnight. The pigment of the spore walls in sufficient mass in a print can then be detected with the naked eye. The color should be noted while the deposit is still moist AND in natural light (daylight). Fluorescent lights do not produce sufficient red wavelengths and a reading taken under this light source would be misleading. The character is often useful at the generic or family level.

#84. Basidiospores <range in length>/
µm long/

#85. Basidiospores <range in width>/
µm wide/

#86. Basidiospores mean Q = <mean length to width ratio>/

#87. Basidiospores <ornamentation type>/
1. smooth/
2. echinulate/
3. echinate/
4. punctate/
5. pitted/
6. reticulate/
7. verruculose/
8. verrucose/
9. spinose/
10. longitudinally ridged <low>/
11. longitudinally winged <high>/
12. ridges and warts <combination>/
13. zebroid/
14. sparassoid/

#88. Basidiospores <shape>/
1. globose/
2. subglobose/
3. oblong/
4. ovoid/
5. subellipsoid/
6. ellipsoid/
7. lacrymoid/
8. subfusoid/
9. fusoid/
10. cylindric/
11. rhomboid/
12. tetrahedral/
13. angular <in all views>/
14. angular <in polar view only>/
15. reniform/
16. allantoid/

#89. Basidiospores <Melzer's reagent reaction>/
1. inamyloid/
2. dextrinoid/
3. amyloid/

#90. Basidiospores <color produced> with KOH/
1. ochraceous/
2. straw yellow/
3. golden yellow/
4. light brown melleous/
5. vinaceous/
6. pale yellow/
7. pale brownish yellow/

#91. Basidia <range in length>/
µm long/

#92. Basidia <range in width>/
µm wide/

#93. Basidia <shape>/
1. clavate/
2. cylindric/

#94. Basidia <color>/
1. hyaline/
2. pale yellow/

#95. <Number of sterigmata on each basidium>/
-sterigmate/

#96. Hymenial cystidia <length>/
µm long/

Cystidia are sterile cells differentiated by size (larger than surrounding elements), shape, wall morphology, content, or pigmentation.

#97. Hymenial cystidia <width>/
µm wide/

Cystidia are sterile cells differentiated by size (larger than surrounding elements), shape, wall morphology, content, or pigmentation.

#98. Hymenial cystidia <distribution>/
1. absent/
2. rare/
3. moderately abundant/
4. more common towards the edge of lamellae/
5. more common towards edge of tubes/
6. numerous on sides and edges of lamellae/
7. numerous on sides and edges of tubes/
8. edges only <cheilocystidia>/
9. sides only <pleurocystidia>/
10. more common on sides of lamellae/
11. more common on sides of tubes/

Cystidia are sterile cells differentiated by size (larger than surrounding elements), shape, wall morphology, content, or pigmentation.

#99. Hymenial cystidia <wall thickness>/
1. thin walled/
2. thick walled/

Cystidia are sterile cells differentiated by size (larger than surrounding elements), shape, wall morphology, content, or pigmentation.

#100. Hymenial cystidia <color>/
1. hyaline/
2. colored homogeneous contents/
3. honey colored contents/
4. golden colored contents/
5. gray brown contents/

Cystidia are sterile cells differentiated by size (larger than surrounding elements), shape, wall morphology, content, or pigmentation.

#101. Hymenial cystidia <shape>/
1. lageniform/
2. ampullaceous/
3. subfusoid/
4. fusoid/
5. ventricose/
6. ventricose rostrate/
7. clavate-ventricose/
8. cylindric/
9. swollen/
10. subcylindrical/
11. utriform/
12. obtuse/
13. mucronate/
14. clavate/
15. utriform/
16. fusoid mucronate/

Cystidia are sterile cells differentiated by size (larger than surrounding elements), shape, wall morphology, content, or pigmentation.

#102. Hymenial cystidia gelatinization <presence or absence>/
1. absent/
2. present/

Cystidia are sterile cells differentiated by size (larger than surrounding elements), shape, wall morphology, content, or pigmentation.

#103. Hymenial cystidia encrusting pigment <presence or absence>/
1. absent/
2. present/

Cystidia are sterile cells differentiated by size (larger than surrounding elements), shape, wall morphology, content, or pigmentation.

#104. Hymenophoral trama hyphae <orientatation>/
1. divergent/
2. bilateral/
3. convergent/
4. interwoven/
5. parallel/

Orientation of lamellar trama is variable (as seen in a vertical cross section). Often used at generic or family level classification.

#105. Hymenophoral trama hyphae with age <orientation>/
1. divergent/
2. bilateral/
3. convergent/
4. interwoven/
5. parallel/

Orientation of lamellar trama is variable (as seen in a vertical cross section). Often used at generic or family level classification.

#106. Hymenophoral trama hyphae <shape>/
1. cylindric/

Orientation of lamellar trama is variable (as seen in a vertical cross section). Often used at generic or family level classification.

#107. Hymenophoral trama hyphae <width>/
µm wide/

Orientation of lamellar trama is variable (as seen in a vertical cross section). Often used at generic or family level classification.

#108. Hymenophoral trama hyphae <color>/
1. hyaline/
2. golden yellow/
3. yellow brown in the central stratum/

Orientation of lamellar trama is variable (as seen in a vertical cross section). Often used at generic or family level classification.

#109. Hymenophoral trama hyphae <color change produced by> in KOH <reaction>/
1. yellow/
2. vinaceous/
3. green/
4. finely melleous ochre encrusted/

Orientation of lamellar trama is variable (as seen in a vertical cross section). Often used at generic or family level classification.

#110. Hymenophoral trama hyphae <Melzer's reagent>/
1. inamyloid/
2. amyloid/
3. dextrinoid/

Orientation of lamellar trama is variable (as seen in a vertical cross section). Often used at generic or family level classification.

#111. Subhymenial hyphae <width>/
µm wide/

#112. Tube trama <symmetry>/
1. boletoid/
2. phylloporoid/

Orientation of the tube trama in boletes is bilateral: a central stratum and lateral strata as seen in longtiudinal section. The lateral strata frequently gelatinize with age.

#113. Tube trama <color>/
1. hyaline/
2. golden yellow/

#114. <Color change> in KOH/
1. yellowish/
2. red/

#115. Lateral strata elements <width>/
µm wide/

#116. <Lateral strata gelatinization presence or absence>/
1. gelatinized/
2. not gelatinized/
3. subgelatinous/

#117. Pileipellis hyphae <arrangement>/
1. a cutis/
2. hymeniform/
3. an ixotrichodermium/
4. a trichodermium/
5. interwoven/
6. radially interwoven/
7. forming a palisade/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#118. Pileipellis hyphae <color change> in KOH/
1. red/
2. yellow ochraceous/
3. yellow/
4. pale yellow/
5. green/
6. brownish/
7. orange <at first>/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#119. <Melzer's reagent reaction with pileipellis>/
1. inamyloid/
2. dextrinoid/
3. amyloid/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#120. Pileipellis elements <range in width>/
µm wide/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#121. Pileipellis hyphae <shape>/
1. cystidioid/
2. inflated/
3. cellular/
4. subisodiametric/
5. in sphaerocyst-like chains/
6. obtuse/
7. slightly tapered/
8. subcapitate/
9. cylindric/
10. subelongate/
11. elongated/
12. rounded/
13. mucronate/
14. short/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#122. Pileipellis hyphae <incrusting pigment presence or absence>/
1. smooth/
2. encrusted with pigment/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#123. Pileipellis hyphae <wall thickness>/
1. thick walled/
2. thin walled/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#124. Pileipellis hyphae granular content <presence>/
1. absent/
2. present/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#125. Pileipellis <hyphal gelatinization presence>/
1. not gelatinized/
2. gelatinized/
3. beneath a gelatinized layer/
4. embedded in a mucilage/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#126. Intercalary cells <shape>/
1. isodiametric/
2. subisodiametric/
3. cylindric/
4. subcylindric/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#127. Intercalary cells <range in length>/
µm long/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#128. Intercalary cells <range in width>/
µm wide/

The layer of hyphae that form the surface of the pileus vary in terms of cell shape, size, orientation, pigmentation, surface morphology, and reaction to reagents

#129. Pileus trama <hyphal arrangement>/
1. interwoven/
2. radial/

#130. Pileus <tramal hyphae color>/
1. hyaline/
2. light yellow/

#131. Pileus <tramal hyphae Melzer's reagent reaction>/
1. inamyloid/
2. dextrinoid/
3. amyloid/

#132. Pileus with elements <tramal hyphae range in width>/
µm wide/

#133. Pileus <tramal hyphae encrusted or not>/
1. smooth/
2. encrusted/

#134. Pileus <tramal hyphae wall thickness>/
1. thin walled/
2. thick walled/

#135. Stipitipellis hyphae <orientation>/
1. vertically oriented/
2. horizontally oriented/

#136. Stipitipellis <arrangement>/
1. parallel/
2. interwoven/

#137. Stipitipellis giving rise to <composition>/
1. versiform caulocystidia/
2. dermatocystidia/
3. clusters of caulocystidia/
4. a caulohymenium/

#138. Stipitipellis <hyphae length>/
µm long/

#139. Stipitipellis <hyphae width>/
µm wide/

#140. Stipitipellis <hyphae shape>/
1. filamentous, with short-branched apices/
2. subcylindric/
3. cylindric/
4. clavate/
5. subfusoid/
6. subclavate/
7. fusoid/
8. clavate/
9. lageniform/
10. ventricose/
11. mucronate/

#141. <Stipitipellis hyphae color of contents>/
1. golden yellow contents/
2. gray brown contents/
3. brown contents/
4. yellow brown contents/
5. hyaline/
6. orange/

#142. Stipitipellis <hyphae> with incrusting pigment <presence or absence>/
1. absent/
2. present/

#143. Stipe trama hyphae <alignment>/
1. parallel/
2. compacted/
3. subparallel/

#144. Stipe trama hyphae <shape>/
1. cylindric/
2. acrophysalidic/

#145. Stipe trama hyphae <color>/
1. hyaline/
2. pale yellow/

#146. Stipe trama hyphae <Melzer's reagent reaction>/
1. inamyloid/
2. dextrinoid/
3. amyloid/

#147. Stipe trama hyphae <width>/
µm wide/

#148. Clamp connections <present or absent>/
1. absent/
2. present/

Clamp connections are small buckles or humps at the septa (end of the cells) of hyphal walls seen only at microscopic level. Clamps visible in upper right and lower left. Hallmark character of most Basidiomycetes.

#149. Mycorrhizal host: <absent, or host genus>/
1. absent/
2. Abies/
3. Alnus/
4. Arbutus/
5. Arctostaphylos/
6. Betula/
7. Castanopsis/
8. Coccoloba/
9. Colombobalanus/
10. Eucalyptus/
11. Fagus/
12. Larix/
13. Leptospermum/
14. Lithocarpus/
15. Nothofagus/
16. Pernettya/
17. Picea/
18. Pinus/
19. Populus/
20. Pseudotsuga/
21. Quercus/
22. Trigonobalanus/
23. Tsuga/
24. Vaccinium/

This character refers to the intimate, often obligatory, relationship between fungal hyphae and plant roots. Frequently highly specific at genus or species level. For example, Phylloporus cabelleroi only forms mycorrhizae with Alnus acuminata (a neotropical alder).

#150. <Commentary:>/

#151. <Illustration:>/

#152. <Taxon name>/

Citation

Cite this publication as: Halling, R. E., G. M. Mueller, and M. J. Dallwitz. 1998 onwards. Leccinum and Phylloporus in Costa Rica: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 10 Decmber 2001. http://www.nybg.org/bsci/res/hall/deltaindex.html. Dallwitz (1980) and Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993 onwards, 1998) should also be cited (see References).

Index

DELTA Home Page •  List of Keys •  Family List •  Species List •  Table of Contents
Main Page •  Traditional Keys to Leccinum or Phylloporus