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1. Plants without chlorophyll, mycotrophic; pollen in monads ...........
..................................................... Monotropa uniflora
1. Plants with chlorophyll, autotrophic; pollen in tetrads (or monads
in Orthilia).
2. Ovary superior.
3. Plants with ± herbaceous habit; embryos undifferentiated,
without developed cotyledons.
4. Stems leafy; inflorescence a corymb or flowers solitary;
filaments conspicously dilated at or below the middle;
stigmas sessile; capsule valves without connecting threads,
smooth at dehiscence; pollen grouped into polyads of
tetrads.
5. Leaf blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually
marked with white above on midribs and larger secondary
veins (i.e., maculated), base obtuse, rounded, or widely
cuneate, margins distantly serrate, teeth occurring the
length of the margins; dilated portion of the filaments
villous ............................ Chimaphila maculata
5. Leaf blades oblanceolate or spatulate to elliptic,
uniformly green above, base cuneate, margins finely
serrate, teeth often restricted to the upper margins;
dilated portion of the filaments glabrous or merely
papillate on the margins ..............................
.................... Chimaphila umbellata ssp. umbellata
4. Stems scapose, leaves clustered near the base;
inflorescence a raceme; filaments tapering gradually to
base; stigmas with long styles; capsule valves connected
by cobwebby threads at dehiscence; pollen in single
tetrads or monads.
6. Racemes secund; styles straight at anthesis; stigmas
not surrounded by a collar or ring; leaves finely
serrate with acute teeth; pollen in monads
...................................... Orthilia secunda
6. Racemes spiral; styles declinate at anthesis; stigmas
surrounded by a collar or ring; leaves entire or
obtusely and inconspicuously crenate; pollen as single
tetrads ........................... Pyrola angustifolia
3. Plants shrub- or tree-like, with woody habit; embryos well-
developed, with cotyledons.
7. Corolla polypetalous; viscin threads present amongst pollen;
flowers 5-7(-9)-merous .................... Bejaria aestuans
7. Corolla sympetalous; viscin threads absent; flowers
5-merous.
8. Inflorescence terminal; mesocarp of fruit fleshy either
dry or ± juicy.
9. Surface of ovary and fruit smooth; inflorescence
usually condensed; fruit dry or mealy .........
......... Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. cratericola
9. Surface of ovary and fruit papillate; inflorescence
usually elongate, often paniculate; fruit ± juicy.
10. Fruit a drupe, ovule 1 per locule; leaf
length/width ratio usually greater than 3; leaf
length/petiole length ratio usually greater than
10; leaf base usually cuneate; fruit dark purple
to black at maturity.
11. Leaf margins entire (or with a few
serrations), the lower surface ferruginously
pubescent to tomentose ....................
. Comarostaphylis arbutoides ssp. arbutoides
11. Leaf margins serrulate to serrate-dentate,
the lower surface glabrous, usually
glaucous ..................................
.... Comarostaphylis discolor ssp. discolor
10. Fruit a berry, ovules more than 1 per locule;
leaf length/width ratio usually less than 3; leaf
length/petiole length ratio usually less than 10;
leaf base usually rounded to truncate or slightly
cordate; fruit orange or red at maturity ......
........................... Arbutus xalapensis
8. Inflorescence axillary; mesocarp of fruit fleshy or dry.
12. Stamens with filaments geniculate; anthers without
terminal awns or tubules ........................
................. Agarista mexicana var. mexicana
12. Stamens with filaments straight; anthers with
terminal awns or tubules.
13. Fruit a berry, rarely calyx becoming fleshy
at base but never surrounding the berry .....
......................... Pernettya prostrata
13. Fruit a capsule, surrounded by the fleshy,
accrescent calyx (calyx rarely not fleshy).
14. Stems and inflorescences bearing setose,
often glandular hairs ..................
...................... Gaultheria erecta
14. Stems and inflorescences glabrous or
short-pilose, lacking setose hairs ......
................... Gaultheria acuminata
2. Ovary inferior.
15. Stamens strongly unequal with filaments or anthers, or filaments
and anthers alternately conspicuously unequal.
16. Filaments equal and connate over entire length; anthers
with tubules widening distally.
17. Corolla inconspicuously but densely short-pilose,
red but apically green; calyx lobes trucately
rounded and apiculate ........... Satyria panurensis
17. Corolla glabrous or essentially so, red but apically
pinkish to white; calyx lobes triangular and acute.
18. Corolla 10-12(-15) mm long; calyx hypanthium
ca. 2 mm diam. at anthesis, minutely puberulous
.............................. Satyria meiantha
18. Corolla (14-)17-28 mm long; calyx hypanthium
ca. 3-4 mm diam. at anthesis, glabrous .......
.......................... Satyria warszewiczii
16. Filaments unequal, distinct or partially connate;
anthers with tubule sides parallel, not widening distally.
19. Anthers equal; stamens 1/2-1/3 as long as corolla;
floral bracts small, inconspicuous ................
............................... Orthaea brachysiphon
19. Anthers unequal; stamens as long as corolla; floral
bracts usually large and showy, usually persistent
through anthesis.
20. Calyx lobes completely glandular callose-
thickened; calyx lobes erect after anthesis ..
.......................... Cavendishia callista
20. Calyx lobe margins eglandular or with glandular
fimbriae; calyx lobes connivent over ovary as
fruit matures.
21. Rachis elongate, 4-20 cm long; floral
bracts concave, reflexed; corolla white
with red apex ..... Cavendishia laurifolia
21. Rachis short, (0.7-)1.5-2(-3) cm long;
floral bracts flat, erect; corolla red
with white apex .... Cavendishia bracteata
15. Stamens equal with filaments and anthers of equal lengths
(rarely anthers inconspicuously alternately unequal).
22. Bracteoles located at apex of pedicel and surrounding
calyx (and sometimes lower corolla) .................
..................................... Disterigma humboldtii
22. Bracteoles located well below apex of pedicel.
23. Calyx winged; stamens 1/3-1/2 as long as corolla;
staminal tubules rigid, laterally connate and fused
into one dehiscence tubule ....... Macleania insignis
23. Calyx terete, not winged; stamens equal to corolla;
staminal tubules flexible, 2, distinct.
24. Calyx continuous with pedicel, not jointed
at apex.
25. Leaves evergreen; anthers not spurred on
dorsal side .... Sphyrospermum cordifolium
25. Leaves deciduous; anthers conspicuously
spurred dorsally .... Vaccinium geminiflorum
24. Calyx articulate with pedicel, distinctly
jointed at apex (Vaccinium).
26. Leaf margins entire .... Vaccinium poasanum
26. Leaf margins crenate to serrate.
27. Leaves densely pilose .............
............... Vaccinium lundellianum
27. Leaves essentially glabrous.
28. Leaves basally broadly cordate
.............. Vaccinium matudae
28. Leaves basally acute to rounded.
29. Corolla green, cylindric-
campanulate, 5-6 mm long;
leaves 8-10 cm long .......
....... Vaccinium breedlovei
29. Corolla white to pink,
cylindric-urceolate to
broadly campanulate, less
than 5 mm long; leaves
less than 8 cm long.
30. Leaves small, mostly less
than 2 cm long; rachis
short to none, the
inflorescence shorter
than leaves, flowers few,
congested; corolla
campanulate, 4-5 mm long
... Vaccinium confertum
30. Leaves mostly over 2 cm
long; rachis many-
flowered, 3-9 cm long,
inflorescence extended
well beyond leaves,
flowers scattered along
rachis, not congested;
corolla campanulate to
urceolate, 2.5-4.2 mm long;
fruit falsely 10-locular?
... Vaccinium leucanthum
Species of uncertain placement: Vaccinium secundum -- rachis 4-12 mm long, few flowered; corolla cylindric,
pilose or not; fruit 4-5-locular?
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Agarista mexicana (Hemsl.) Judd
Agarista mexicana var. mexicana Arbutus
Agarista xalapensis Kunth in H.B.K.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. cratericola (J.D.Sm.) P.V.Wells
Bejaria aestuans L.
Cavendishia bracteata (Ruiz & Pav. ex J.St.Hil.) Hoer.
Cavendishia callista J.D.Sm.
Cavendishia laurifolia (Klotzsch) Benth. & Hook.f.
Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C.Barton
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata
Comarostaphylis arbutoides Lindl.
Comarostaphylis arbutoides subsp. arbutoides
Comarostaphylis discolor (Hooker) Diggs
Comarostaphylis discolor subsp. discolor
Disterigma humboldtii (Klotzsch) Niedenzu
Gaultheria acuminata Schldl. & Cham.
Gaultheria erecta Vent.
Macleania insignis M.Martens & Galeotti
Monotropa uniflora L.
Orthaea brachysiphon (Sleumer) Luteyn
Orthilia secunda (L.) House
Pernettya prostrata (Cav.) DC.
Pyrola angustifolia (Alefeld) Hemsl.
Satyria meiantha J.D.Sm.
Satyria panurensis (Benth. ex Meissner) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Niedenzu
Satyria warszewiczii Klotzsch
Sphyrospermum cordifolium Benth.
Vaccinium breedlove L.O.Williams
Vaccinium confertum Kunth in H.B.K.
Vaccinium geminiflorum Kunth in H.B.K.
Vaccinium leucanthum Cham. & Schldl.
Vaccinium lundellianum L.O.Williams
Vaccinium matudae Lundell
Vaccinium poasanum J.D.Sm.
Vaccinium secundum Klotzsch
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