A PARTIAL SYNOPSIS OF OZARK LICHENS

A Partial Synopsis of Ozark Lichens "Without Names"

This synopsis covers taxa held by NY which do not seem to fit the concept of any known species or in several cases any known genus. It is incomplete since a number of difficult, speciose genera have not been treated or fully treated due to time constraints, e.g., Caloplaca and Dermatocarpon. Further the much larger collection held by Ladd has not been studied which would surely add to the ever growing list of problems. While some names will eventually be found, many are clearly undescribed. The treatments vary depending on the current state of knowledge for each genus. In some cases only a very brief diagnosis is given, others are defined via dichotomous keys and where the taxa seem obviously new to science, they are provided with preliminary descriptions, awaiting only illustrations and inclusion of Ladd's holdings (not to be considered valid publication in any way). The synopsis taken together with Ladd's keys and the preliminary Ozark checklist makes up the most complete coverage for the region yet compiled. It should help the attendees at the 1997 Ozark Tuckerman Workshop identify any remaining problems as well as any lichenologists working in the Ozarks between now and the completion of a final treatment. We request that if they have any additional problematic material, they donate or lend it to us to be included in our work. Further, if any casual browsers can suggest names for any of the taxa below, please let us know so that we can lower the level of our ignorance.

08 NOVEMBER 1999.

Acarospora* (6) Agonimia (2) Amandinea (1) Arthonia (1) Arthothelium (1) Bacidia (1) Bacidina (1) Buellia (3) Chaenothecopsis (1) Dimelaena (1) Enterographa (1) Fellhanera* (2) Fuscidea (1) Fuscopannaria (1) Gyalecta (2) Gyalideopsis (1) Halecania (1) Ionaspsis (1) Kozarus* (1) Lecania* (2) Lecanora (3) "Lecidea"* (3) Lecidella (1) Lepraria (3) Lichinaceae * (15) Mycocalicium* (1) Naetrocymbe? (1) Pachyphysis* (1) Pertusaria (1) Phlyctis (1) Pyrenocollema* (1) Rinodina* (4) Roccellaceae (1) Sarcogyne* (3) Sphinctrina (1) Stigmidium? (1) Strigula (1) Verrucaria (7) Sterile Sporodochial Genus Unknown (1)

* = Group with a key or notes. * = Fully described new genera or genera with fully described new species. Numbers in parentheses show number of "new" taxa.

I. ACAROSPORA

1. Acarospora sp. (A. schleicheri (Ach.) Massal. s. latissimo)

Thallus yellow, on HCl- rock. Medulla C+ or C- (Chemical variants seem morphologically identical but this needs to be more carefully rechecked.). This could be included in the current very broad concept of A. schleicheri. However, we think that it has become clear that Weber's treatment was overly conservative, as Magnusson's was overly radical, and that a reasonable taxonomy lies somewhere in the middle. Acarospora schleicheri s. str. grows on soil. Some of Magnusson's names from adjacent areas need to be checked against the Ozark material. Common throughout the region and the possibly same taxon also occurs on sandstone east to Georgia and South Carolina and west to ?.

2. Acarospora ssp.? (A. fuscata (Nyl.) Arnold s. latissimo)

There are three collections and possibly three different entities. All are on rhyolite. Much more material is required to sort out this complex.

MISSOURI. Carter County: Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, 3705'N, 9112'W, 12 Oct 1997, Harris 41438, 41443; St. Francois County: Rhyolite glade near summit of Precambrian igneous dome just W of Knob Lick Fire Tower, on rhyolite, 19 Sep 1990, Buck 18027 (all NY).

3. Acarospora sp. (A. glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körber s. latissimo)

We need to determine if this can be left in the variation of A. glaucocarpa.

Ozark County: Mark Twain National Forest, Smoke Tree Scenic Lookout, along FS 147 (Glade Top Trail), 3648'N, 9243'W, 350-425 m, Cotter dolomitic glade on S-facing slope with seasonal stream in ravine, on a small rock, 11 Oct 1997, Harris 41403 (NY).

4. Acarospora sp. 40407

A collection from Stegall Mtn. with ± broad ascospores and subumbilicate areoles is provisionally included here but may well represent another taxon.

MISSOURI. Carter County: Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, on rhyolite, 3705'N, 9112'W, 16 Apr 1997, Buck 31805, 31814, Harris 40407 (NY); Shannon County: Ozark National Scenic Riverways, along MO 19, 1 mi N of Sinking Creek, ca. 3719'N, 9126'W, old borrow pit, on small HCl- rocks, 25 Sep 1990, Buck 18214. (all NY)

5. Acarospora sp. 32747

MISSOURI. Reynolds County: Johnson Shut-Ins State Park, along East Fork Black River E of Co. N, 3732'N, 9051'W, ca. 250 m, open oak-pine-juniper stand developed on rhyolitic ash-flows on lower slope above W side of shut-ins, 9 Oct 1997, Buck 32747 (NY).

6. Acarospora sp. 97-038

MISSOURI. Carter County: Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, on rhyolite pebble, 3705'N, 9112'W, 12 Oct 1997, Lay 97-038 (NY).

PRELIMINARY KEY TO OZARK ACAROSPORA

1. Thallus yellow; color sometimes obscured by whitish pruina ... 2

1. Thallus some shade of brown or gray ... 3

2. Thallus yellow or yellowish white due to coating of white pruina; pruina variable, with pruina only on and around brownish apothecia or densely covering thallus and concealing apothecia; areoles scattered or contiguous; KOH+ red (norstictic acid); ascospores broadly ellipsoid, 4-5 × 2.5-3 µm; on weakly calcareous? or non-calcareous rock in calcareous habitats ... Acarospora heufleriana Körber

2. Thallus intense yellow, not pruinose, ± shiny; areoles mostly contiguous, ± thick, broadening from a narrower base; medulla C+ red or C-, KOH-; ascospores 4-6 × 2 µm; on non-calcareous rocks ... Acarospora sp. #1

3. On non-calcareous rock ... 4

3. On dolomite; thallus of orbicular to polygonal ± raised areoles, grayish, forming a ring around apothecium; one apothecium per areole; disk brown to blackish, often surrounded by a concolorous ring; ascospores 4-6 × 1.5 µm ... Acarospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körber group

4. Cortex C+ red ... 5

4. Cortex C- ... 7

5. Areoles not pseudocyphellate ... 6

5. Areoles pseudocyphellate, pale olive brown, rounded to irregular, flat, with 1(-few) apothecia; disk dark brown, slightly sunken ... Acarospora sp. 97-038

6. Areoles thick, irregular, flaring from a narrower base, shiny, light to dark brown; lower side black, ± easily visible; common ... Acarospora fuscata (Nyl.) Arnold

6. Areoles thin, orbicular to irregular, broadly attached, shiny, pale tan to light brown, contiguous to scattered; weakly raised margin blackening but not obvious from above; fertile areoles mostly with a single apothecium, sometimes filling areole and then areole more orbicular; apothecia slightly sunken, flush with thallus or with ± thick, raised margin, lecanoroid-aspicilioid; disk red brown to dark brown; possibly depauperate forms of A. fuscata? ... Acarospora spp. (A. fuscata s. latissimo)

7. Areoles without slightly raised, shiny, black rim ... 8

7. Areoles with a slightly raised, shiny, black rim, thin, closely adnate, light olive brown; apothecial disk red brown ... Acarospora sp. (A. glaucocarpa s. latissimo)

8. Areoles thin, irregular, angular, mostly contiguous, dark, brown, shiny; cortex thin, not sharply defined, of subglobose cells; on sandstone ... Acarospora veronensis Massal.

8. Areoles thicker, orbicular, scattered, mostly fertile, flattened dome-like or doughnut shaped; margin (area around disk) blackening; disk blackish; ascospores ca. 5-7 × 2-2.5 µm; seemingly common ... Acarospora sp 40407 (material on pebbles with broad ascospores, subumbilicate areoles with several slightly sunken apothecia may be a form of this or perhaps distinct?)

II. AGONIMIA

1. Agonimia sp. 32119

Ascospores ca. 47-60 × 18-20 µm, 8/ascus. Thallus granular areolate, on Anomodon over dolomite.

MISSOURI. St. Francois County: St. Francois State Park, Coonville Creek Wild Area, Mooner's Hollow Trail, 3758'N, 9032'W, ca. 200 m, 19 Apr 1997, Buck 32099, 32119 (NY).

2. Agonimia sp. 32746

Ascospores ca. 34 × 13 µm, 8/ascus. Thallus granular areolate, on Anomodon over rhyolite.

II. AMANDINEA

1. Amandinea sp.

Smooth spored otherwise ± similar to A. leucomela; on old cedar wood.

MISSOURI. Oregon County: Mark Twain National Forest, McCormack Lake Recreation Area, dolomite bluff along N side of Eleven Point river, E of McCormack Hollow, 3649'N, 9121'W, on lignum of Juniperus virginiana, 17 Apr 1997, Buck 31928 (NY).

IV. ARTHONIA

1. Arthonia sp.

Thallus on HCl- sandstone, superficial, ± thick, leprose, with abundant large-celled Trentepohlia. Ascomata elongate, irregularly sinuous, becoming sparsely ± radiately branched, gray black, weakly whitish pruinose. Epithecium blackish, KOH-. Hypothecium brown, KOH-. Asci pyriform, without KI+ apical ring? Ascospores fusiform/boat-shaped, 4-5-celled, with median cells larger, 15-19 × 4.5-5.5 µm, becoming brownish and ornamented in old age.

MISSOURI. Douglas County: Mark Twain National Forest, Sparkling Hollow, 3659'34"N, 9205'31"W, 300-355 m, sandstone and dolomite exposures along Tributary of Indian Creek, on sandstone, 4 Aug 1999, Buck 35967, 35979 (NY).

V. ARTHOTHELIUM

1. Arthothelium taediosum auct. Amer. apparently requires a valid name and description

VI. BACIDIA

1. Bacidia sp.

Thallus of irregular pale greenish, 'loosely attached' granules; "cortex" of granules with coarse papillae; apothecia pale, ± pinkish; all tissues pale ascospores long; TLC-. Resembles B. rubella to some extent except for papillose thallus and paler color of apothecia. Thallus suggests Phyllospora but no prothallus, seems best left in Bacidia provisionally.

MISSOURI. Carter County: Mark Twain National Forest, along S side of Skyline Drive (FS 3280), ca. 2.8 mi SW of MO 103, 3657'N, 9102'W, 220-265 m, oak-pine-nyssa woodland, on base of Quercus coccinea, 13 Oct 1997, Buck 32884 (NY).

VII. BACIDINA

1. Bacidina sp.

Apothecia pinkish; epithecium, hymenium and exciple colorless; hypothecium brown; ascospores in single bundle, mostly non-septate becoming 3-septate?, ca. 21-23 × 1-1.5 µm; on non-calcareous rock.

MISSOURI. Iron County: St. Francis Mountains, Clark National Forest, along Co. Rd. N just N of Reynolds Co. line, 37 40 N, 90 47 W, on rhyolite, 13 Oct 1993, Harris 31167-A (NY).

VIII. BUELLIA

1. Buellia sp. 18019

Thallus gray, ± flat, scattered areoles; xanthone?, norstictic acid agg. Apothecia and ascospores ± as in Amandinea punctata; apothecia often ± marginal, flat with slightly raised margin. Exciple and epithecium brown. Hypothecium light brown. Ascospores small, ca. 8-10 × 4.5-5.5 µm. On lime rock but upper layer is HCl- (calcium mostly leached out?).

MISSOURI. Jefferson County: W-facing Ordovician dolomite glade E of Mammoth Creek Road, above Ridenour Hollow, on rock, Buck 18019; Ozark County: Mark Twain National Forest, Smoke Tree Scenic Lookout, along FS 147 (Glade Top Trail), 3648'N, 9243'W, 350-425 m, Cotter dolomitic glade on S-facing slope with seasonal stream in ravine, on rock, 11 Oct 1997, Buck 32790 (both NY).

2. Buellia sp. 25463

Thallus bullate, squamulose, ± effigurate, brown; medulla C+ pink (gyrophoric acid?); apothecia small, closely adnate, black; paraphyses capitate with dark brown cap; ascospores Buellia-type?, ca. 12-13 × 8 µm.

MISSOURI. St. Francois County: Rhyolite glade near summit of Precambrian igneous dome just W of Knob Lick Fire Tower, on rhyolite, 19 Sep 1990, Harris 25463, 25465 (NY)

3. Buellia sp. (Buellia mamillana (Tuck.) W. A. Weber s. lat.)

Thallus lacking xanthones and with high concentration of connorstictic acid. Growing mostly on chert?

Buellia mamillana (Tuck.) W. Weber s. lat. in eastern U.S. consists of three entities: 1) xanthone, stictic acid with ± broad spores, the most common, 2) xanthone, norstictic acid with narrower spores?, rare? 3) norstictic acid + connorstictic acid in high concentration, Missouri, new species? There are a lot of type specimens involved. Chemistry of B. mamillana itself not known. Obviously it will take a good bit of work to sort out this collective species.

MISSOURI. Carter County: Mark Twain National Forest, along S side of Skyline Drive (FS 3280), ca. 2.8 mi SW of MO 103, 3657'N, 9102'W, 220-265 m, on chert, 13 Oct 1997, Buck 32887; Oregon County: Mark Twain National Forest, McCormack Lake Recreation Area, lower portion of McCormack Hollow, 36 49 N, 91 21 W, on HCl- rock, 17 Apr 1997, Harris 40541, 40567; Ozark County: Mark Twain National Forest, Smoke Tree Scenic Lookout, along FS 147 (Glade Top Trail), 3648'N, 9243'W, 350-425 m, Cotter dolomitic glade on S-facing slope with seasonal stream in ravine, on chert, 18 Apr 1997, Harris 40637, 11 Oct 1997, Harris 41410;Taney County: Mark Twain National Forest, Hercules Glade Wilderness, from Hercules Tower to Pole Hollow, on chert, 18 Apr 1997, Harris 40665 (all NY).

IX. CHAENOTHECOPSIS

1. Chaenothecopsis sp. - associated with Lecanora? Sent to Tibell by Selva?

X. DIMELAENA

1. 'Buellia' novomexicana de Lesd.

To us this species obviously belongs in Dimelaena. Thallus is areolate and weakly placodioid at margin and corticate and contains a couple unknown substances. Cortex has same pigment, N+ green turning lavender as D. thysanota. Apothecia cryptolecanorine. Ascus "Bacidia"-type with broad axial body not completely penetrating tholus. Ascospores Buellia-type. Resolution of the problem is complicated by the fact that Dimelaena novomexicana (de Lesd.) Hale & Culb. based on Rinodina novomexicana de Lesd. already exists. Thus a new name would be required.

XI. ENTEROGRAPHA

1. Enterographa sp.

Thallus epilithic, dark gray, rimose, K-, C-, P-, unknown (to me) substance. Ascomata immersed, rounded to ± elongate, with dark epithecium and the other tissues colorless. Ascospores narrow, tapered at both end, 6-celled, 27-30 × 3.5 µm.

The thallus is very poorly developed. Better material might permit identification but Enterographa is one of lichenology's more conspicuous 'black holes'.

ARKANSAS. Newton County: Boston Mountains, Ozark National Forest, Alum Cove Recreation Area, T14N, R21W, sec 17, ca. 600 m, oak-hickory forest with sandstone outcrops, on sandstone, 24 Apr 1988, Harris 21482 (NY).

XII. FELLHANERA

1. Fellhanera sp.

Thallus corticolous, gray, thin, continuous to very weakly areolate toward center, with poorly developed whitish prothallus. Apothecia sessile, constricted at base, soon convex; disk blackish brown; margin ±soon excluded, grayish. Exciple cellular, colorless. Hymenium tinted purplish brown, KOH-. Hypothecium dark gray. Paraphyses little or not expanded at tips. Ascus Micarea type. Ascospores 4-celled, ca. 11-12 × 4-4.5 µm.

MISSOURI. St. Francois County: St. Francois State Park, Coonville Creek Wild Area, Mooner's Hollow Trail, 3758'N, 9032'W, ca. 200 m, [on Carya,] 19 Apr 1997, Buck 32111 (NY).

2. Fellhanera silicis R. C. Harris & Ladd, sp. nov.

Aspectu vade similis Micarea erratica (Körber) Hertel, sat simils coloribus contexti apothecii et typo ascorum sed differt excipulo cellulis sat magnis subradiatis, ascosporis 3-septatis, 12-14 × 4-5 µm et microconidiis bacillaribus vel sublageniformibus, 5-6 × 1.5 µm.

Thallus on rock, superficial, gray green, olive green or greenish brown, thin (80-100 µm), initially continuous, becoming cracked, without obvious prothallus (marginal region in Harris 31171 very thin, with a silvery cast). No lichen substances detected by TLC (Buck 31986). Apothecia scattered dark brown to black, sessile, flat to weakly convex (ca. 150 µm thick), constricted to weakly constricted at base, 0.4-0.5 mm across when mature, with thin, concolorous margin, initially weakly raised, often becoming obscured with age. Epithecium green, N+ red. Hymenium colorless but appearing brownish streaked due to brownish pigment in some (moribund?) asci, with a moderate gelatinous context. Paraphyses unbranched or moderately branched, and somewhat anastomosed, often contorted, with tips irregularly clavate or not expanded, often with wall of apical cells greenish. Hypothecium brown to chocolate brown, N+ yellower. Exciple usually bicolor, greenish, N+ red inward, colorless outward, composed of weakly radiating, thick walled hyphae with large, irregular lumina (2-4 µm across). Asci clavate with an I+ darker apical ring/tube in the tholus, with eight irregularly to biseriately arranged spores. Ascospores colorless, ± fusiform, usually tapered at one end, 3-septate, slightly constricted at septa, 12-14 × 4-5 µm, without an obvious halo. Pycnidia ca. 0.1 mm, subglobose, ± immersed in thallus, with greenish wall. Microconidia bacillar to sublageniform, 5-6 × 1.5 µm. Buck 31800 has larger pycnidia, opening more broadly and larger bacillar conidia, 5-9 × 2-2.5 µm, forming short cirrhi.

In the field and under the dissecting microscope this lichen easily passes for Micarea erratica which is widespread on non-calcareous rock in eastern North America. Further complicating hasty identifications, the green epithecium and brown hypothecium also mimic M. erratica. However, 3-septate vs. 0-septate ascospores and broad celled, weakly radiate, thick walled excipular hyphae vs. narrow, much branched and anastomosed, thin walled excipular hyphae embedded in a well developed gel matrix, readily separate it from M. erratica. Bacidia granosa (Tuck.) Zahlbr. with 3-septate ascospores is also quite similar but is confined to lime rich rocks and has a "Bacidia type" ascus. The generic disposition is a problem. At first I was inclined to include it in Micarea as a 3-septate ascospore sibling of M. erratica. However, the excipular type and the weakly sublageniform conidia are more suggestive of Fellhanera. With such a very limited generic choice available at present this seems a reasonable disposition but as data accumulate a more definitive taxonomy may place it elsewhere.

Fellhanera silicis occurs on fine grained non-calcareous rock, rhyolite and chert or quartz inclusions in lime rich situations. As far as one can tell with so few collections there seems to be a preference for wooded habitats unlike Micarea erratica which prefers open habitats. It may also tolerate more lime than M. erratica.

Specimens seen. MISSOURI. Carter County: Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Big Spring, trail from "Boil" to bridge over Big Spring Branch, 3657'N, 9059'30"W, on quartz in hardwoods over dolomite, 22 Sep 1990, Harris 25505, Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, on rhyolite, 3705'N, 9112'W, 16 Apr 1997, Buck 31800; Iron County: St. Francis Mountains, Clark National Forest, along Co. Rd. N just N of Reynolds Co. line, 3740'N, 9047'W, on rhyolite, 13 Oct 1993, Harris 31171; Oregon County: Mark Twain National Forest, McCormack Lake Recreation Area, lower portion of McCormack Hollow, 3649'N, 9121'W, on quartz, 17 Apr 1997, Buck 31936; Taney County: Mark Twain National Forest, Hercules Glade Wilderness, from Hercules Tower to Pole Hollow, on chert pebbles, 18 Apr 1997, Buck 32031 (all NY).

XIII. FUSCIDEA

Fuscidea sp.

Thallus whitish, thin, continuous, on bark of twig. Apothecia medium brown, sessile; margin raised, pale tan (shaded side) to concolorous with disk. Upper hymenium, outer exciple and hypothecium brownish tinted. Paraphyses little or not expanded at tips. Ascospores colorless, non-septate, ellipsoid to weakly bean-shaped, 9-10 × 5 µm.

MISSOURI. Shannon County: Ozark National Scenic Riverways, along MO 19, 1 mi N of Sinking Creek, ca. 3719'N, 9126'W, oak woods, on twig, 25 Sep 1990, Buck 18212 (NY).

XIV. FUSCOPANNARIA

Fuscopannaria sp.

Thallus squamulose (TLC-); young thalli light gray with slender slightly fan-shaped lobes; older thalli blackish gray (black when wet), imbricate, forming small warty cushions, with lobation obscured; cortex of a single layer of cells; medulla not obvious. Apothecia convex with poorly developed thalline margin or emarginate; disk ± flesh-colored; proper margin weakly developed, of ± oblong radiating cells becoming more isodiametric toward center. Hymenium I+ bluish becoming sordid olivaceous. Asci with internal KI+ layer at apex and below a plug with internal canal. Ascospores broadly fusiform with a thin weakly warty epispore, 18-21 × 8.5-11 µm.

MISSOURI. Douglas County: Mark Twain National Forest, Sparkling Hollow, 3659'34"N, 9205'31"W, 300-355 m, on shaded sandstone along tributary of Indian Creek, 4 Aug 1999, Buck 35983 (NY).

This taxon seems distinct from anything in Jørgensen by the narrowly lobed squamules without isidia, with very thin cortex and no? medulla and the ascus type. Seems closest to Fuscopannaria leucophaea which has larger squamules and ascus lacking ring-like plug.

XV. GYALECTA

1. Gyalecta sp. 35972

Thallus endophloedal, gray. Apothecia emergent, cup-shaped, flesh color except for inner rim of margin which is dark brown, 0.5-0.7 mm diam. Margin cellular, colorless except adjacent to hymenium dark brown. Hymenium I+ bluish streaked at base. Ascospores 8, uniseriate, globose to broadly ellipsoid, 13 µm diam, or 12-15 × 9-10 µm.

MISSOURI. Douglas County: Mark Twain National Forest, Sparkling Hollow, 3659'34"N, 9205'31"W, 300-355 m, sandstone and dolomite exposures along tributary of Indian Creek, at base of tree, 4 Aug 1999, Buck 35972 (NY).

2. Gyalecta sp. 40500

Thallus mostly endolithic, pinkish, on wet, dolomite cliff face. Apothecia mostly immersed, initially closed with pallid margin, later open with orange sunken disk and thick margin. Lower part of hymenium yellow. Lower cells of paraphyses swollen, ± moniliform, containing bright orange (I+ green-black) carotenoid droplets. Ascospores irregularly ca. 3-5 × 1-3-septate, 13-20(-22) × 7-9(-11) µm.

Possibly only a variant of G. jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr. which also occurs in the Ozarks in the "typical" form. Gyalecta jenensis var. montenegrina Servít is said to have hymenial carotenoids and a similar spore size. I have seen no material of this taxon for comparison. As to the American material, I would suggest that the carotenoid character, since it is associated with physical modification of the paraphyses, might indicate recognition as a separate species.

MISSOURI. Oregon County: Mark Twain National Forest, Falling Spring, ca. 2.4 mi E of MO 19 on FS 3170/3164, 3652'N, 9118'W, dolomitic bluff and old glade on W-facing slope W of Falling Spring, on lignum, 17 Apr 1997, Buck 31898, Harris 40500 (NY).

XVI. GYALIDEOPSIS

1. Gyalideopsis sp.

Pale thallus and hyphophores, on decaying grass, near G. muscicola P. James & Vìzda. This species will be dealt with by Bill Buck.

XVII. HALECANIA

1. Halecania sp.

Thallus of ± polygonal to irregular pale tan areoles on a conspicuous black hypothallus; areoles scattered at margins, becoming contiguous toward center; hypothallus diffuse to weakly fimbriate at margins. Apothecia sessile, weakly constricted at base; thalline margin concolorous with thallus, persistent; disk pale olivaceous tan. All tissues essentially colorless. Paraphyses not expanded at tips. Ascus Catillaria type. Ascospores ellipsoid, 2-celled, 8.5-10 × 5-6 µm, with well developed gelatinous epispore.

MISSOURI. Shannon County: Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Prairie Hollow, ca. 2 mi N of MO 106 on Co. Rd. V, ca. 9100'N, 3711'W, ca. 220 m, granitic gorge along small stream, 24 Sep 1990, Buck 18186 (NY).

XVIII. IONASPIS

1. Ionaspis sp.

Thallus whitish or ± pinkish, ± continuous, with trebouxioid photobiont, on rhyolite pebbles in temporary pools. Apothecia immersed to weakly emergent with age, with blackish margin ringing the slightly sunken, pallid to orangish to blackish (depending on exposure?) disk. Exciple brown black outside in section due to dense, dark orange to almost black crystals, colorless within. Epipsamma with small orange crystals. Paraphyses not at all moniliform, not much expanded at tips, branched and interconnected. Asci cylindrical with 8 ± biseriate spores; ascus wall and tholus I-. Ascospores broadly ellipsoid, 15-18 × 9-11 µm.

The orange crystals in the epipsamma ally this taxon with I. lacustris (With.) Lutzoni which differs in pale margin, moniliform paraphyses and narrower ascospores. It is possible that it represents a very extreme ecotype of I. lacustris.

MISSOURI. Carter County: Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, on rhyolite, 3705'N, 9112'W, 12 Oct 1997, Buck 32865, Harris 41436 (NY).

XIX. KOZARUS

1. Kozarus thelommopsis R. C. Harris & Ladd, gen. et sp. nov.

Genus et species Porpidiacearum distinctus, thallo crasso placodiiformi, albido vel argenteo, nitido, ad 200 µm crassitudine, super saxum calcareum; cortici (20-)35-50 µm crystalibus parvis impleto; medullo ad 150 µm crassitudine, I-, PD+ aurantiaco (pannarin); apotheciis primo immersis planis, tum sessilibus convexis, tenuiter marginatis; epihymenio pro parte atroviridi, pro parte atroviolaceo; hypothecio incolorato vel brunnescenti; ascosporis halonatae, 12-16 × 5.5-7.5 µm; pycnidiis immersis; conidiis bacilliformibus, 5-6 × 0.7 µm.

Type. ARKANSAS. Marion County: vicinity of Crooked Creek, 1.9 mi W of Yellville city limits of US Hwy 62, juniper-oak forest over dolomite, on dolomite, 25 Apr 1988, Harris 21510 (NY, holotype).

Thallus thick, to 200 µm, with broad flattened marginal lobes/areoles, with weakly to strongly convex, crowded areoles toward center, whitish or silvery, shiny, on dolomite; cortex (20-)35-50 µm thick, KOH+ yellow, with a thin colorless epinecral layer, mostly filled with small crystals, partially soluble in KOH, with hyphae mostly anticlinal around pockets of KOH insoluble crystals; medulla well developed, PD+ orange (pannarin), filled with crystals, lower part penetrating and disrupting? rock. Apothecia mostly one per areole, initially immersed, flat, with barely distinguishable margin, becoming ± sessile and convex, with more distinct margin; disk black, not pruinose; exciple initially poorly developed, ca. 30 µm thick at surface, hyphae ± parallel to paraphyses, later more distinct, ca. 50 µm, pigment purplish black at surface, otherwise colorless; epihymenium dark, partly brown or purplish, redder in KOH, partly dark green, KOH-, HNO₃+ reddish; hymenium colorless or streaked with purple above, 70-100 µm high, I+ deep blue; paraphyses branched and anastomosed, ± clavate, to ca. 4 µm across at tip; hypothecium colorless to yellowish brown, dense, with irregularly arranged hyphae; asci Porpidia-type, 8-spored; ascospores halonate, 12-16 × 5.5-7.5 µm. Pycnidia immersed, flask-shaped, ca. 115 × 65 µm, mostly colorless, dark pigmented only at tip. Conidia bacilliform, 6-7 × 0.7 µm.

Kozarus is one of a small group of Porpidiaceae with ± immersed apothecia some of which also occur on calcareous rock unlike the majority of the family. It seems to us most similar to Bellemerea Hafellner & Roux, Clauzadea Hafellner & Bellem. and Immersaria Rambold & Pietschmann. It differs from Clauzadea by the very well developed, corticate, epilithic thallus and apothecial pigmentation, from Bellemerea by ascus type and nonamyloid medulla and ascospores and from Immersaria, to which Kozarus seems most similar, by the whitish thallus with placodioid margin, strongly convex areoles and apothecial pigmentation (Calatayud & Rambold, Lichenologist 30: 231-234. 1988). Argopsin? is apparently not known from the Porpidiaceae. Most would probably try to key out Kozarus as an Aspicilia but the apothecial coloration, lack of moniliform paraphyses, ascus type and small ascospores readily separate it from Aspicilia. Kozarus is perhaps an Ozarkian endemic but this may be a 'collection' anomaly as only three collections are known. Others might be found by searching through undetermined Aspicilia specimens. The generic name is derived from an anagram of 'Ozark' and the epithet from the fact that a first sight Kozarus has a considerable resemblance to the genus Thelomma Massal.

Additional specimens. MISSOURI. Ozark County: Mark Twain National Forest, Smoke Tree Scenic Lookout, along FS 147 (Glade Top Trail), 3648'N, 9243'W, 350-425 m, Cotter dolomitic glade on S-facing slope with seasonal stream in ravine, on shaded dolomite under overhang, 11 Oct 1997, Buck 32793 (NY). OKLAHOMA. Cherokee County: along Terapin Creek ca. 6 mi N of St. Rd. 82 on St. Rd. 100, oak-hickory floodplain and a little above with dolomite and sandy dolomite boulders, 23 Apr 1988, Harris 21328 (NY).

XX. LECANIA

1. Lecania sp.

Thallus on dolomite, immersed, indicated by white coloration. Apothecia pale to dark brown, sessile, swollen; margin evident only in very young apothecia, thin, tan. Exciple colorless. Hymenium brown above or streaked with brown only in paler apothecia; pigment KOH+ ± purplish, N+ reddish. Hypothecium colorless. Paraphyses expanded at tips, to ca. 6 µm, sheathed with the brown pigment. Ascospores ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, 9-13 × 4-5 µm.

2. Lecania rheophila Ladd & R. C. Harris, sp. nov.

Thallus olivaceus, laevigatus, tenuis, mox rimosus, denique rimoso-areolatus. Apothecia primo crypyolecanorina, denique sessilia. Prothallus atrovenetus vel niger, hypharum cyanearum, N+ purpurearum, compositus. Margo thallinus persistens, thallo concoloro. Paraphyses nonulli fasciculati brunneo- vaginati. Ascosporae biloculatae anguste ovatae, 11-15 × 4-5.5 µm.

Thallus olive-tan, greener when wet, slightly shiny, to 1-1.5 cm across but often fusing in larger patches, initially continuous, soon cracked and finally rimose-areolate where best developed, thin, ca. 75-125 µm, with a very thin colorless epinecral layer, to ca. 10 µm, otherwise consisting of the algal layer with no obvious medulla. Prothallus conspicuous, blue-black to black, ca. 0.2 mm broad, composed of dark blue-green, laterally fused, radiating hyphae, N+ purplish red, sometimes remaining under outer parts of thallus. Apothecia initially cryptolecanorine, soon sessile, broadly attached; thalline margin persistent, concolorous with thallus, mostly not raised above disk; proper exciple mostly not evident, occasionally seen in old apothecia, brown; disk light to dark brown (paler disks when wetted sometimes appearing spotted due to uneven distribution of brown epihymenial pigment), not pruinose. Thalline margin to 50 µm thick laterally, anatomy as in thallus with thin epinecral layer and no obvious medulla, without crystals. Exciple prosoplectenchymatous, ca. 20 µm thick below expanding to 30-50 µm at surface, pale brownish at surface, colorless below, ± continuous with colorless subhymenium/hypothecium, to 50 µm thick in center, prosoplectenchymatous, I-. No distinct epihymenial layer. Paraphyses unbranched, ca. 1.5 µm across, some expanding above to 3-4 µm, those with expanded tips clumped, upper 1-2 cells surrounded by brownish pigment, additionally these apical cells often with a small dark brown cap in KOH. Hymenium colorless, 70-90 µm thick. Hymenium initially I+ blue, then ascus sheath I+ strongly orange or dirty orange-brown, paraphysis sheath remaining bluish, especially below. Asci short cylindrical with eight, irregularly arranged spores. Ascospores 2-celled, narrowly ovate or ± oblong-elliptical, upper cell often shorter and broader than the upper, 11-15 × 4-5.5 µm (X = 12.3 × 4.7 µm, n = 25). Pycnidia immersed; wall pale except brown around ostiole. Conidia elliptical or short rods, 3-4 × 1.5 µm. Chemistry: K-, C-, P-, two spots by TLC, possibly terpenoids.

Lecania rheophila is distinctive in its thin, slightly shiny thallus with very dark blue-green to blackish prothallus, the clumping of the pigmented paraphyses and its ??? habitat.

Specimens seen. MISSOURI. Shannon County: Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Prairie Hollow, 3711'N, 9100'W, on boulder in stream, 24 Sep 1990, Harris 25837 (NY), Rocky Falls, just above water line of igneous boulder in Rocky Creek, Ladd 19379 (NY); Rocky Creek Shut-Ins, 3707'N, 9112'W, rhyolite along stream, Buck 31870 (NY).

XXI. LECANORA

1 Lecanora sp. 31771

Thallus endolithic, on HCl+ sandstone (uppermost layer HCl-?). Young apothecia with ± smooth gray exciple, becoming ± swollen with margin excluded. Disk medium brown. Cortex of exciple with minute crystals. Ascospores ca. 10-11 × 6 µm;. Lecanora umbrina group.

MISSOURI. Jefferson County: Victoria Glade Preserve, ca. 2 mi SE of Hillsboro, 3812'N, 9033'W, ca. 180 m, dolomite glade on W-SW-facing slope with chert and sandstone, on sandstone, 15 Apr 1997, Buck 31771 (NY).

2 Lecanora sp. 31797

Apothecia small, flat, with persistent margin, with disk and margin white pruinose, on pine bark. Disk tan. Ascospores 8-11 × 2.5-3 µm.

MISSOURI. Carter County: Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, 3705'N, 9112'W, 350-410 m, rhyolite glades on N-facing slope, on pine bark, 16 Apr 1997, Buck 31797 (NY).

3. Lecanora sp. 40525

Small ± Biatora-like species, on lignum. Margin with thin grayish margin, sometimes excluded. Disk yellow brown. Epithecium with minute brownish crystals. Ascospores 8-10 × 5-6 µm (also Shelby Co., Illinois).

XXII. LECIDEA SENSU LATISSIMO

1. "Lecidea" pseudobotryosa R. C. Harris & Ladd, sp. nov.

Externe similis Lecidea botryosae (Fr.) Th. Fr. sed excipulis crystallis minutis repletis, pigmentum atrobrunneum inter hyphas interiores destitutis, paraphysibus brunneis captitatis et ascis tholis interiore tubula atrocyanea.

Holotype. MISSOURI. Shannon County: Ozark National Scenic riverways, Rocky Falls, off Co. Rd. NN, 3705'30"N, 9112'30"W, ca. 275 m, rhyolite outcrops along falls of Rocky Creek, 22 Sep 1990, Buck 18073 (NY).

Thallus on old or burnt wood, initially of scattered whitish granular areoles tinted with brown, soon "bursting" to form tiny soralia; soralia aggregating to form more extensive whitish or greenish leprose patches, UV+ white (perlatolic acid?); soredia granular, brown tinted. Apothecia medium brown to dark, flat to swollen, initially on bark (hypothallus?) near areoles/soralia, later also on sorediate areas; margin initially slightly raised, concolorous with disk, hidden in swollen apothecia. Exciple of ± radiating hyphae ending enlarged cells with brown pigmented "caps", KOH-, paler within, filled with minute colorless crystals, dissolving in KOH. Hypothecium gray-brown, prosoplectenchymatous, KOH-. Paraphyses with end cells enlarged, brown "capped", KOH-. Asci short clavate with irregularly arranged spores; tholus KI+ light blue with darker tube reaching almost to apex, Micarea-type. Ascospores ellipsoid to long-ellipsoid, 8-11 × 4-4.5 µm, lacking a halo. Pycnidia with colorless filiform conidia, 15-19 × ±1 µm.

Lecidea pseudobotryosa is at first glance very similar to L. botryosa, especially the brown apothecia on patches of brown-tinted granular soredia. However, the initial areoles seem smaller, the exciple is filled with tiny crystals and the ascus is Micarea-type not Biatora-type. It is provisionally assigned to the "Lecidea" cyrtidia/plebeja group. The distribution is still poorly known and is either "Subappalachian" or southern Coastal Plain with a northern extension into the Ozarks, most likely the former.

Additional specimens. GEORGIA. Laurens County: along Georgia Hwy. 46, 5 mi E of Cedar Grove Crossing at US 441, 3215'N, 8250'W, ca. 75 m, erosional remains of Altamaha Grit sandstone outcroppings, on charred pine wood, 19 Mar 1995, Harris 36361. LOUISIANA. Natchitoches Parish: Kisatchie National Forest, Longleaf Trail Vista about 35 mi WNW of Alexandria, 28 May 1976, Wetmore 24789. MISSOURI. Carter County: Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, 3705'N, 9112'W, 350-410 m, rhyolite glades and xeric igneous woodland on N-facing slope, 21 Oct 1997, Buck 32861, Mark Twain National Forest, along S side of Skyline Drive, ca. 2.8 mi SW of MO 103, 3657'N, 9102'W, 220-265 m, oak-pine-Nyssa woodland, 13 Oct 1997, Harris 41470; Iron County: St. Francis Mountains, Clark National Forest, along Co. Rd. N just N of Reynolds Co. line, ca. 335 m, 3740'N, 9047'W, hardwood-juniper forest on steep rhyolite slope, 13 Oct 1993, Buck 24180, Harris 31120. NORTH CAROLINA. Wilkes County: Stone Mountain State Park, Cedar Rock and Cedar Rock Trail, ca. 525 m, 3624'N, 8103W, juniper-pine woods, 23 Sep 1993, Harris 30738 (all NY).

2. "Lecidea " sp. 32038

Thallus on decorticate oak log, olive green, continuous, with white sporodochia which look like small soralia. Apothecia dark brown, sessile, remaining ± flat; margin inconspicuous, not raised, concolorous with disk. Exciple and hymenium streaked with brown; pigment darker/grayer in KOH. Hypothecium dark brown, of intertwined hyphae, darker in KOH. Paraphyses, at least some, expanded at tips to ca. 3 µm with a dark brown cap. Asci Micarea-type. Ascospores ovoid, 7-7.5 × 3-4 µm, without an epispore. Sporodochia mostly immersed in thallus, white, exposed part ± hemispherical, ca. 0.1-0.15 mm diam.; conidia borne on short, irregular cells, spherical, colorless, 3-3.5 µm diam.

At first glance one would assume this was a sorediate form of Lecidea hypnorum Libert but the apothecia lack blue green granules, the ascospores are smaller and the "soredia" are actually sporodochia.

MISSOURI. Taney County: Mark Twain National Forest, Hercules Glade Wilderness, from Hercules Tower off MO 125 to Pole Hollow, 3641'N, 9253'W, dry oak woods, on oak log, Buck 32038 (NY).

3. "Lecidea" sp. 24169

Thallus white, mostly immersed but some thin, poorly developed areoles, without prothallus. Apothecia sessile, brown to dark brown, with slightly raised margin, paler than or concolorous with disk. Outer exciple and upper hymenium tinted brownish. Exciple of narrow radiating hyphae embedded in much gel. Hypothecium colorless. Hymenium I-. Paraphyses weakly expanded at tips to ca. 3 µm, with a thick (ca. 1 µm) gel sheath. Ascus Biatora- or Lecanora-type? Ascospores ellipsoid, 8-10.5 × 4-5 µm, relatively thick walled, without an epispore. Conidia filiform, 12-15 × 1 µm.

In most keys this comes near to Lecanora hypopta (Ach.) Vainio but the ascus and other details are wrong and like hypopta perhaps better placed in Lecanora?

MISSOURI. Iron County: St. Francis Mountains, Clark National Forest, along Co. Rd. N just N of Reynolds Co. line, ca. 335 m, 3740'N, 9047'W, hardwood-juniper forest on rhyolitic slope, on decorticate Juniperus branches, 13 Oct 1993, Buck 24169, 24182, Harris 31194 (NY).

XXIII. LECIDELLA

1. Lecidella sp.

Thallus on rock, superficial, well developed, rimose, pale brownish green, K-, C-, KC+ weakly orange, atranorin?, xanthones, zeorin and unknown (diploicin?). Apothecia sessile, brown, with margin paler than disk; margin only slightly raised. Exciple poorly developed, colorless or tinted at surface. Epihymenium dark gray green. Hypothecium colorless, with some to many large cells. Paraphyses with tips expanded to ca. 5 µm, with dark gray green cap. Ascus Lecidella-type. Ascospores ellipsoid, 12-15 × 6 µm.

Doesn't key in Knoph and Leuckert (1994).

MISSOURI. Reynolds County: St. Francis Mountains, Johnson Shut-Ins State Park, E side of East Fork of Black River at Johnson Shut-Ins, 245-310 m, 3732'N, 9050'W, oak-hickory-juniper forest on rhyolite and granite talus slope, on granite, 13 Oct 1993, Harris 31251, 31257 (NY).

XXIV. LEPRARIA

1. Lepraria sp.

Thallus thin, granular, ± bluish, atranorin & zeorin. Widespread in eastern North America.

2. Lepraria sp.

Thallus thick, lobate/squamulose, atranorin, fatty acid, protocetraric acid/fumarprotocetraric acid. Widespread in eastern North America.

3. Lepraria sp.? Thallus slightly yellowish, usnic acid & zeorin. Possibly referable to Lecanora. Possibly a chemotype of Lecanora thysanophora.

XXV. LICHINACEAE

1. Lichinella sp.

This may prove to be L. iodopulchra (Crozals) Moreno & Egea which grows on calcareous rock but no comparative material is available. The only other species known from North America on calcareous rock, L. minnesotensis (Fink) Essl., is described as "very small, 0.5-2 mm in diameter".

MISSOURI. Ozark County: Mark Twain National Forest, Smoke Tree Scenic Lookout, along FS 147 (Glade Top Trail), 3648'N, 9243'W, 350-425 m, Cotter dolomitic glade on S-facing slope with seasonal stream in ravine, 18 Apr 1997, Buck 31986; Shannon County: Ozark National Scenic Riverways, vicinity of Rocky Falls off Co. NN, 3705'30"N, 9112'30"W, ca. 200 m, limestone glade along Rocky Creek, 24 Sep 1990, Buck 18142 (NY)

2. Peccania sp.

3. Porocyphus? sp. 41394

4. Pyrenopsis sp. 21631

ARKANSAS. Stone County: 2.1 mi s of White River on St. Rd. 5, T17N, R11W, sec. 20, seepy sandstone glade, 26 Apr 1988, Harris 21631 (NY).

5. Pyrenopsis sp. 31803

MISSOURI. Carter County: Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, 3705'N, 9112'W, 350-410 m, 16 Apr 1997, Buck 31803, 31826, 12 Oct 1997, Buck 32860; Shannon County: Shut-In Mountain Preserve, along Wildcat Hollow ca. 1 mi e of Co. Rd. H, 3707'N, 9114'W, 16 Apr 1997, Buck 31867 (all NY).

6. Pyrenopsis sp. 31824

MISSOURI. Carter County: Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, 3705'N, 9112'W, 350-410 m, 16 Apr 1997, Buck 31824 (NY).

7. Pyrenopsis sp. 32067

MISSOURI. Taney County: Along w side of MO 125 ca. 0.9 mi N of Hercules Tower Rd., ca. 0.9 mi S of Hercules, 3642'N, 9252'W, on HCl- stone, 18 Apr 1997, Buck 32067 (NY).

8. Pyrenopsis sp. 36004

MISSOURI.Ozark County: Caney Mountain Conservation Area, off MO 181, Long Bald, 3640'59"N, 9224'10"W, 275-290 m, dolomite and sandstone glade, 4 Aug 1999, Buck 36004 (NY).

9. Genus? sp. 18102

ARKANSAS. Stone County: Ozark National Forest, Gunner Pool Recreation Area, ca. 1000 ft, hardwoods and bluffs along Little Sylamore Creek, on HCl+ stone, 25 Apr 1988, Harris 21616. MISSOURI. Carter County: Ozark National Scenic Riverways, near old granite quarry on E side of Current River SW of Van Buren, 2658'N, 9059'W, ca. 150 m, 23 Sep 1990, Buck 18102 (both NY).

10. Genus ? sp. 21555

ARKANSAS. Marion County: vicinity of Crooked Creek, 1.9 mi W of Yellville city limits on US 62, juniper-oak forest over dolomite, 25 Apr 1988, Harris 21555 (NY).

11. Genus? sp. 21619

ARKANSAS. Stone County: Ozark National Forest, Gunner Pool Recreation Area, ca. 1000 ft, hardwood forest and bluffs along Little Sylamore Creek, on sandstone, 25 Apr 1988, Harris 21619 (NY).

12. Genus? sp. 21620-A

ARKANSAS. Stone County: Ozark National Forest, Gunner Pool Recreation Area, ca. 1000 ft, hardwood forest and bluffs along Little Sylamore Creek, on sandstone, 25 Apr 1988, Harris 21620-A (NY).

13. Genus? sp. 31819

MISSOURI. Carter County: Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, 3705'N, 9112'W, 350-410 m, on rhyolite, 16 Apr 1997, Buck 31819 (NY).

14. Genus? sp. 32803

15. Genus? sp. 36010

MISSOURI.Ozark County: Caney Mountain Conservation Area, off MO 181, Long Bald, 3640'59"N, 9224'10"W, 275-290 m, dolomite and sandstone glade, 4 Aug 1999, Buck 36010 (NY).

PARTIAL KEY TO OZARK LICHINACEAE/PELTULACEAE

1. Growing on non-calcareous rock (rhyolite, granite or sandstones) ... 2

1. Growing in calcareous habitats, usually directly on HCl+ rock (including HCl+ sandstones) ... 12

2. Thallus fruticose or ± foliose ... 3

2. Thallus essentially crustose, usually rimose areolate, at most subsquamulose ... 4

3. Thallus fruticose, with cylindrical lobes, olive brown; lobes irregular, ± swollen at tips (strongly swollen when terminal pycnoascocarps present), with colorless central strand and outer algal layer of tapering filaments of Dichothrix angled toward thallus tip; on rock along streams or seepage tracks; known from Alabama, Massachusetts and Missouri (see Lichenologist 4: 88-98. 1968) ... Lichina willeyi (Tuck.) Henssen

3. Thallus foliose or subfruticose, with flattened lobes ± centrally attached, olive green or olive brown; fertile tips ± swollen, usually with several immersed apothecia; disk brownish; asci polysporous; ascospores globose to subglobose, ca. 4.5 µm diameter; on granite; known from Alabama, Missouri and South Carolina ... Peltula tortuosa (Nees) Wetmore

4. Ascospores small, less than 10 × 5 µm; paraphyses lacking or with tips not much enlarged ... 5

4. Ascospores larger, mostly ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid; paraphyses conspicuous with capitate or submoniliform ends (except Genus? 21619 which has photobiont with yellow brown sheath) ... 8

5. Asci with eight spores ... 6

5. Asci with 16-many spores; thallus poorly developed; small, thin, granular to flattened areoles ... 7

6. Ascospores 8-10 × 3.5-4 µm, oblong, bean-shaped or ellispoid, often with a conspicuous false septum, 8/ascus; lacking true paraphyses between asci but with few to many branched and interconnected lateral "paraphyses" (periphysoids?); thallus rimose areolate with weakly placodioid margin, dark brown; apothecia mostly immersed, with small, slightly sunken pore-like opening (looks rather like a perithecium); on granite; known previously in U.S. only from New Bedford, Massachusetts? (type of Synalissa phylliscina Tuck.) ... Cryptothele permiscens (Nyl.) Th. Fr.

6. Ascospores 6-7 × 3-4.5 µm, ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, without conspicuous false septum; paraphyses present, branched and interconnected, with tips at most slightly enlarged; thallus areolate; areoles thin, initially scattered, later confluent; apothecia immersed, perithcium-like; on fine grained sandstone ... Pyrenopsis? sp. 32067

7. Asci with 16 spores; photobiont Gloeocapsa, with red gelatinous sheath, purple in KOH; apothecia perithecium-like; ascospores ca. 5-7 × 3 µm; on granite ... Genus? sp. 31819

7. Asci with many spores; Photobiont with yellow brown sheath, at least at thallus surface; apothecia with disk more broadly exposed; ascospores 7-7.5 × 3-5 µm; on sandstone ... Genus? sp. 21620-A

8. Photobiont Gloeocapsa, with reddish gelatinous sheath, violet in KOH; paraphyses mostly moniliform/submoniliform in upper part (Pyrenopsis s. lat.) ... 9

8. Photobiont with gelatinous sheath yellow brown, at least at thallus surface; thallus of very small, very thin, blackish 'areoles'; apothecia with weakly raised lecanorine margin and blackish disk; paraphyses slender, branched and interconnected, with tips not or weakly expanded; ascospores 14-16 × 8-9 µm; on soft sandstone; Arkansas ... Genus? sp. 21619

9. Thallus not composed of distinct, ± separate filaments ... 10

9. Thallus composed of distinct, irregular, ± separate filaments forming irregular red brown warty areoles; apothecia sunken in areoles without obvious margin; disk blackish or ± concolorous with thallus; paraphyses submoniliform; ascospores broadly ellipsoid,10-12 × 7-8 µm ... Pyrenopsis sp. 31824

10. Apothecia sessile or immersed, readily detectable; disk may be initially pore-like but becoming broad with age, black; thallus relatively thick; paraphyses moniliform ... 11

10. Apothecia immersed, with tiny pore-like disk, not readily detectable; thallus of thin, dark brown areoles becoming ± aggregated; paraphyses not moniliform; ascospores ellipsoid, 9-11 × 5,5-6 µm; on sandstone ... Pyrenopsis sp. 36004

11. Thallus flattened, brown black, rimose to rimose areolate; apothecia mostly immersed; ascospores 12-14 × 6-8 µm. without noticeable sheath ... Pyrenopsis sp. 31803

11. Thallus of irregular, lumpy, brown areoles; apothecia sessile, often several/areole, initially with pore-like disk; ascospores 12-14 × 8-9 µm, with noticeable sheath ... Pyrenopsis sp. 21631

12. Photobiont with gelatinous sheath yellow brown, at least at thallus surface; not forming chains or in chains ('Calothrix') ... 13

12. Photobiont Gloeocapsa, with reddish gelatinous sheath, KOH+ violet; thallus ± fruticose, beginning as an obconical cushion, then dividing into mostly erect, ± lumpy cylindrical branches; apothecia "terminal", initially with small pore-like disk, later expanding; thalline margin thick; hymenium and asci I-; ascospores globose to ellipsoid, usually more than 8/ascus (to 24?), thick walled, ca. 9 µm diam. to 12 × 8 µm ... Synalissa symphorea (Ach.) Nyl.

13. Photobiont not in chains ... 14

13. Photobiont forming ± anticlinal chains ('Calothrix'); thallus of small weakly umbilicate cushions; apothecia immersed with pore-like disk, broadening with age?; ascus with thin, KI+ dark blue cap; ascospores 8/ascus, 13-15 × 7.5-9 µm ... Porocyphus? sp. 41394

14. Thallus fruticose or umbilicate, layered, with colorless medulla or central axis, with large, easily distinguishable photobiont cells with gelatinous, not very dense sheaths, colorless within, becoming yellow brown at surface, with hyphae forming a ± loose network among them ... 15

14. Thallus subumbilicate, subsquamulose or areolate, not layered, with smaller, crowded photobiont cells with denser sheaths, often obscured by the strongly colored sheaths ... 19

15. Thallus umbilicate forming distinct cushions, without deeply cut lobes, smooth or strongly warty ... 16

15. Thallus ± fruticose with deeply cut and flattened lobes, usually centrally attached ... 18

16. Thallus smooth or essentially so; areoles small, to 2 mm; photobiont sheaths without granules arranged in concentric rings ... 17

16. Thallus strongly warty, when young with marginal lobes short, irregular and horizontal, with lobes in older thalli ± erect and more terete; photobiont sheaths with concentric rings of refractive granules; apothecia terminal?, immersed between neighboring warts/lobes, with thick, slightly raised thalline margin; hymenium I-; ascospores 15-17 × 7.5-8.5 µm ... Paulia pyrenoides (Nyl.) Henssen ?

17. Apothecia superficial, with thick, raised thalline margin; areoles small, ± globular (immature?), soon producing apothecia; ascospores subglobose, 10-11 × 8-9 µm; conidia filiform ... Peccania sp.

17. Apothecia immersed, not visible, divided by intrusion of photobiont; areoles small, to 2 mm, ± flat; ascospores oblong, ca. 6-7 × 2.5-3.5 µm; conidia ellipsoid ... Lichinella minnesotensis (Fink) Essl. ?

18. Thalli to 2 cm across; central lobes usually erect, patchily to entirely grayish pruinose, ± smooth; sterile; conidia ellipsoid ... Thyrea confusa Henssen

18. Thalli to 0.5 cm across; lobes recumbent to ± appressed, black, not pruinose; with immersed, divided apothecia; asci polysporous; ascospores broadly ellipsoid, ca. 5-7 × 3-4 µm ... Lichinella sp.

19. Thallus areolate to subumbilicate or weakly subsquamulose; margins may have poorly defined isidia but never regularly warted ... 20

19. Thallus of subumbilicate warty cushions; warts ± regular, rounded, formed by tips of subcylindrical/subglobose "lobes"; apothecia partly immersed, large, with thick, warty thalline margin; photobiont single-celled?; cells crowded, with compact sheath; hymenium I+ light blue; ascospores broadly ellipsoid, 15-17 × 9-10 µm ... Stromatella bermudana Henssen ?

20. Thallus weakly subumbilicate or subsquamulose ... 21

20. Thallus of thin, adnate, areoles ... 22

21. Thallus of irregular areoles to ± subsquamulose and slightly lobed; apothecia partly immersed, conspicuous, with exposed, red brown disk and weak thalline margin; ascus with only a diffuse, weakly KI+ bluish sheath; paraphyses submoniliform; ascospores KI-, 17-21 × 8-10 µm ... Genus? sp. 18102

21. Thallus subumbilicate, without tendency to be lobed; apothecia partly immersed; not conspicuous; ascus with KI+ dark blue cap; paraphyses not submoniliform, only weakly expanded at tips; ascospores KI+ pale blue, 10-12 × 6.5-7.5 µm ... Genus? sp. 36010

22. Apothecia sessile, with red brown disk and blackish ± raised thalline margin; asci broadest in the middle, with KI+ dark blue cap; ascospores 11-12 × 6.5-7 µm ... Genus? sp. 32803

22. Apothecia partly immersed, with red brown disk and olive brown, weak thalline margin; asci ± cylindrical, with diffuse KI+ blue sheath; ascospores 17-19 × 6.5-7 µm ... Genus? sp. 21555

XXVI. MYCOCALICIUM

1. Mycocalicium ozarkanum R. C. Harris & Ladd, sp. nov.

Subsimilis M. subtilis (Pers.) Szatala sed apotheciis robustioribus, ad 1.1 mm altis, stipitibus 0.1 mm diam., capitulis 0.2- 0.5 µm diam.; capitulis novis saepe ex capitulis senilibus regenerantibus; capitulis et stipitibus KOH sordide porphyreis proxime sordide ochraceiis vel luteis reagentibus; ascosporis brunneis oblique uniseriatis, 7-8.5(-10) × 3.5-4(-4.5) µm.

Holotype. MISSOURI. Oregon County: Mark Twain National Forest, McCormack Lake Recreation Area, dolomite bluff along N side of Eleven Point river, E of McCormack Hollow, 3649'N, 9121'W, on lignum of Juniperus virginiana Moench, 17 Apr 1997, Buck 31965 (NY).

Saprophytic, mostly on lignum of Juniperus virginiana but once on lignum of Pinus echinata. Apothecia dark brown to brown-black, 0.5-1.1 mm tall. Capitulum narrowly to flattened obconical, 0.2-0.5 mm diam., with a new capitulum often regenerating from surface of an old, moribund capitulum which forms a swollen base (looking like an apophysis), KOH+ dirty purplish red to red brown, dissolving and turning dirty orangish yellow to yellow as pigment becomes diluted, HNO₃-. Exciple dark brown, usually well developed; hyphae indistinct with ± elongated cells. Hymenium colorless to pale olive yellowish. Hypothecium conspicuous, cone shaped, pale under dissecting microscope, pale brownish or greenish in section; hyphae loosely intertwined, often containing pale yellow pigment "crystals" (presumably giving rise to the KOH reaction). Stalk ± shiny, 0.1-0.15 mm diam., brown outside, slightly paler toward the center, consisting of intertwined periclinal hyphae, sometimes containing yellowish "crystals" in the uppermost part. Asci cylindrical, with uniseriate, ± obliquely arranged spores; apex uniformly thickened, without canal. Ascospores dark brown, broadly fusiform to almost ellipsoid, with ends usually ± pointed, 7-8.5(-10) × 3.5-4(-4.5) µm; no ornamentation seen. Associated pycnidia with colorless, curved or uncinate conidia, 8-12 × ca. 1.0 µm (seen in 3 collections: Arkansas, 18850; Missouri, type & 32739).

As far as we know M. ozarkanum is confined to the Ozark region and occurs mostly on weathered wood of Juniperus virginiana, only once on Pinus echinata. The asci of M. orzarkanum are of the Mycocalicium type and the only taxon to which M. ozarkanum will key is M. subtile (Pers.) Szatala. Tibell (1987 p. 192) suggested that M. subtile, as currently conceived, to be an aggregate of distinct populations, some of which might merit recognition as species. We feel that the Ozark population is sufficiently different in its robust size, KOH reaction, apparent substrate specificity and geographic isolation that it should be described as a species. The conidia also may differ, but this remains open to question since this character is based only on association and not culture studies. Mycocalicium subtile seems rare in the Ozarks having been collected only six times in Missouri on wood of Quercus velutina and once on Pinus echinata. Mycocalicium albonigrum (Nyl.) Fink seems to be the most common species in the region and Mycocalicium calicioides (Nádv.) Tibell (probably = M. ravenelii (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Fink) occurs rarely. Neither has a distinct reaction with KOH. Mycocalicium albonigrum is distinct in smaller size and "inflated" cells of the exciple. It has been collected only on bark and lignum of hardwoods. Mycocalicium calicioides is comparable in size, differing in incurved exciple which when well developed is rugose and faintly yellowish pruinose, in the stalk pale inside and reddish outside and larger ascospores, 9-11 × 4.5-6 µm. It, like M. ozarkanum, seems confined to wood of Juniperus in the Ozark region. Mycocalicium calicioides s. lat. (incl. M. ravenelii) is known also from Iowa (type of M. calicioides), Louisiana, South Carolina (type of M. ravenelii) and Texas. A further undescribed Mycocalicium has been collected just outside the boundaries of the Ozarks in Osage County, Oklahoma on oak wood. It is close to M. calicioides in that the upper stalk is reddish and KOH+ purple (not dissolving as in M. ozarkanum). However, the exciple is epruinose, smooth and not incurved forming a narrow mouth and the ascospores are possibly slightly smaller than in M. calicioides. The dryish prairie border region seems to a center of diversity for Mycocalicium.

Additional specimens. ARKANSAS. Madison County: Withrow Springs State Park, ca. 2 mi SW of Forum, NW1/4 SE1/4 sec. 10 T17N, R26W, 2 Feb 1991, Ladd 14806 (Ladd); Searcy County: along St. Rd. 14, 4.1 mi W of jct. with St. Rd. 263 (Baxter County line), juniper-hardwood forest on steep dolomitic slope above stream, 25 Apr 1988, Buck 15850 (NY); Stone County: 2.1 mi S of White River on St. Rd. 5, seepy sandstone glade, 25 Apr 1988, Buck 15884 (NY). MISSOURI. Carter County: MOFEP site 9, at NW corner of Peck Ranch Conservation Area, ca. 8 mi NW of Van Buren, vicinity of Panther Cave Hollow, on decorticate stump of Pinus echinata, 28 May 1997, Ladd 20473 (Ladd); Reynolds County: Johnson Shut-Ins State Park, along East Fork Black River E of Co. N, 3732'N, 9051'W, ca. 250 m, open oak-pine-juniper stand developed on rhyolitic ash-flows on lower slope above W side of shut-ins, 9 Oct 1997, Buck 24206, 32739, 32743 (NY), Ladd 21025 (Ladd); Ozark County: Caney Mountain Conservation Area, off MO 181, along N side of Caney Creek at S end of High Rock Mountain, 3640'59"N, 9224'10"W, 265-290 m, 4 Aug 1999, Buck 36017 (NY); Shannon County: Ozark National Scenic Riverways, vicinity of Rocky Falls off Co. NN, 3705'30"N, 9112'30"W, ca. 200 m, limestone glade along Rocky Creek, 24 Sep 1990, Buck 18162 (NY).

XXVII. PACHYPHYSIS

1. Pachyphysis ozarkana R. C. Harris & Ladd, gen. et sp. nov.

Genus et species Porpidiacearum singularis, imprimis paraphysibus crassisimis, ad 10 µm diam., et ascosporis non halonatis globosis vel late ellipsoideis, 10-12 µm diam. vel 10-13 × 8-10 µm, etiam epithecio atrovirenti, excipulo et hypothecio atroviolaceo, hymenio violaceo suffuso et super saxa calcarea cescente.

Thallus endolithic, not visible (rock may be black flecked with non-lichenized cyanobacterial colonies), on fine grained dolomites (Missouri), or traces of whitish epilithic thallus, on more pervious sandstone (Wisconsin); photobiont trebouxioid, not abundant, in a ± discontinous layer. Apothecia black, 0.5-1.2 mm diameter, usually with patches of diffuse white pruina, sessile, slightly to strongly constricted at the base, initially ± flat becoming swollen and hemispherical, initially with thick, slightly raised margin which is usually excluded with age; apothecial initials in pits in dolomite. Exciple and hypothecium continuous, dark brown to blackish purple, purple coloration more intense in KOH, red in HNO₃; exciple of radiating hyphae. Epihymenium and upper hymenium gray green to dark green, HNO₃+ red, lower hymenium purplish; hymenium very gelatinous tightly binding paraphyses; the gel when strongly pigmented usually obscuring the parpahyses. Paraphyses clavate, thick, to ca. 10 µm including thick gelatinous sheath; lumen toward base ca. 2 µm diameter, at top to ca. 5 µm diameter. Ascus Porpidia-type, 8-spored. Ascospores globose to broadly ellipsoid, not halonate, 10-12 µm diameter or 10-13 × 8-10 µm. Pycnidia with blue-green wall, ca. 0.1 mm diameter, mostly immersed. Conidia ± bacilliform although sometimes tapered at one or both ends, 6-7.5 × 1-1.5 µm.

Try as we might we have been unable to shoehorn Pachyphysis ozarkana into any known genus of Porpidiaceae or match it with any known species of Lecidea s. lat. It is utterly distinctive in the very thick paraphyses, for which feature the genus is named, Pachy(thick) + physis(from paraphysis), and the often globose ascospores. The calcareous substrate, green, HNO₃+ red upper hymenium and purplish exciple, lower hymenium and hypothecium are also rare features in the Porpidiaceae, never to our knowledge in combination as in Pachyphysis. This raises the question as to its familial assignment (a genus is usually new when incorrectly assigned to family). The ascus after KI treatment shows a definite dark staining 'tube' in the tholus, sometimes seen as a stack of rings, which seems to fit the Porpidia type ascus and it is primarily on this basis that Pachyphysis is assigned to the Porpidiaceae. We would welcome other suggestions. One collection (Buck 32057) contains a parasite tentatively identified as Muellerella pygmaea (Körber) D. Hawksw. var. athallina (Müll. Arg.) Triebel. Unfortunately this taxon has a wide host range and is not informative as to the familial position of the host.

In the field Pachyphysis ozarkana closely resembles Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert but can be distinguished by the large apothecia with patchy white pruina.

Pachyphysis ozarkana seems common in Missouri. One assumes the reason such a distinctive lichen has not been previously described is the dearth of collecting in the Ozark region. The somewhat disjunct find in Wisconsin may reflect historical glacial factors.

Specimens seen. MISSOURI. Jefferson County: W-facing dolomite glade, E of Mammoth Creek Rd., on slopes above Ridenour Hollow, on dolomite, 19 Sep 1990, Harris 25408, Victoria Glade Preserve, ca. 2 mi SE of Hillsboro, 3812'N, 9033'W, on dolomite, 15 Apr 1997, Harris 40394; Ozark County: Mark Twain National Forest, Smoke Tree Scenic Lookout, along FS 147 (Glade Top Trail), 3648'N, 9243'W, 350-425 m, on dolomite, 18 Apr 1997, Buck 32006, 32008, Harris 40599, 40618, 11 Oct 1997, Buck 32787, Harris 41383, 41412; Taney County: Along W side of MO 125 ca. 0.9 mi N of Hercules Tower Rd., 3642'N, 9252'W, ca. 335 m, 18 Apr 1997, Buck 32057, 32065, Harris 40673. WISCONSIN. Sauk County: Baraboo Hills, Spring Green Reserve State Natural Area, off Jones Rd., 4312'N, 9004'W, on calcareous sandstone, 4 Sep 1998, Harris 42181 (all NY).

XXVIII. PERTUSARIA

1. Pertuaria sp.

Warts UV+ yellow. Medulla KOH+ yellow (lichexanthone, stictic acid agg.). Hymenium not inspersed. Ascospores (1)2-3/ascus, rough walled. Treated by Ladd (1998) as a variant of Pertusaria valliculata Dibben.

MISSOURI. Oregon County: Mark Twain National Forest, McCormack Lake Recreation Area, floodplain with mixed hardwoods, 26 Apr 1988, Harris 21689 (NY).

XXIX. PHLYCTIS

1. Phlyctis sp.

Growing on rock. Always sterile? Possibly a saxicolous form of Phlyctis argena (Sprengel) Flotow? Widespread in eastern North America.

XXX. PYRENOCOLLEMA

1. Pyrenocollema cupulare R. C. Harris & Ladd, sp. nov.

Ab aliis congeneribus ascomatis magnis ad 0.5 mm diam. apicaliter late collapsis et ascosporis magnis, 30-35 × 13-15 µm differt.

Thallus immersed, seen only as brownish flecks of the photobiont between rock crystals. Photobiont/host cyanobacterial with bright yellow brown sheaths. Ascomata mostly immersed, to 0.5 mm in diameter, with the upper part around ostiole broadly collapsing so that the dry ascoma resembles an apothecium with raised margin. Ascospores large, 30-35 × 13-15 µm. Microconidia narrowly ellipsoid to ± fusiform, 4-5 × 2 µm.

Pyrenocollema cupulare is unique in the genus in the ascomata which collapse in a very regular fashion fooling the casual observer into thinking it is a discomycetous lichen. Other species of Pyrenocollema may show a small indentation around the ostiole or be ± flattened when dry but none form such a broad depressed area. Additionally the ascospores are the largest yet encountered in the genus. Pyrenocollema cupulare seems to be semiaquatic as is common in the genus. It is known only from the type locality.

MISSOURI. Ozark County: Mark Twain National Forest, Smoke Tree Scenic Lookout, along FS 147 (Glade Top Trail), 3648'N, 9243'W, 350-425 m, Cotter dolomitic glade on S-facing slope with seasonal stream in ravine, on dolomite in streambed, 18 Apr 1997, Buck 31980, 11 Oct 1997, Buck 32828 (both NY).

XXXI. RINODINA

1. Rinodina sp. 24165

Thallus on Ulmus, areolate, gray brown, ± shiny, TLC-. Apothecia initially with thalline margin but soon lost, becoming swollen. Ascospores Pachysporaria-type, small, 14-17 × 7-8 µm.

MISSOURI. Iron County: St. Francis Mountains, Clark National Forest, along Co. Rd. N just N of Reynolds Co. line, ca. 335 m, 3740'N, 9047'W, hardwood-juniper forest on rhyolitic slope, on branch of dead Ulmus alata, 13 Oct 1993, Buck 24165 (NY).

2. Rinodina sp. 31947

Thallus on HCl- sandstone, not evident. Apothecia black, lecideine. Proper exciple ± thick, raised. Outer exciple blackish green, with inner part colorless. Ascospores Pachysporaria-type?, 19-22 × 11-12 µm. Chemistry not tested.

3. Rinodina sp. 32083

Thallus on Quercus, subsquamulose-areolate, gray, ± shiny, zeorin. Apothecia sessile with ± persistent thalline margin. Ascospores Pachysporaria-type, large, 22-24(-30) × 10-14 µm.

MISSOURI. Carter County: Mark Twain National Forest, along S side of Skyline Drive (FS 3280), ca. 2.8 mi SW of MO 103, 3657'N, 9102'W, 220-265 m, oak-pine-Nyssa woodland, at base of Quercus rubra, 13 Oct 1997, Buck 32880; Douglas County: Mark Twain National Forest, Dimcher Hollow, along N side of MO 76, ca. 0.35 mi E of Indian Creek, 3658'N, 9208'W, on Quercus, 18 Apr 1997, Buck 32083 (both NY).

4. Rinodina sp. 35992

Thallus on HCl- sandstone, gray, areolate to subsquamulose, C+KC+ pink (gyrophoric acid). Apothecia large, to 1.0 mm, with gray, persistent, thalline margin and balck disk. Ascospores Pachysporaria-type?, 18-20 × 10-12 µm.

MISSOURI. Ozark County: Caney Mountain Conservation Area, off MO 181, Long Bald, 3640'59"N, 9224'10"W, 275-290 m, dolomite and sandstone glade, 4 Aug 1999, Buck 35992 (NY).

NOTES ON INTERIOR HIGHLANDS RINODINA

Rinodina bischoffii (Hepp) Massal.

Easily identified by calcareous substrate, inspersed hymenium, ascospores with dark median band, endolithic thallus and sessile apothecia.

Rinodina cana (Arnold) Arnold s. lat.

Thallus dark gray or gray-brown, areolate. Apothecia mostly immersed. Generally has the aspect of a small, dark Aspicilia. Ascospores Milvina/Physcia-type? On HCl- rock.

Rinodina applanata H. Magn.

Thallus conspicuous, pale olive-green to olive, continuous and ± shiny or ± continuous at margin but soon areolate; areoles flattened with rough surface (almost isidiate?) and in section algal layer divided by thin columns of sterile tissue. Apothecia sessile with lecanorine margin. Ascospores Pachysporaria-type, 16-19 × 8-9.5 µm. On bark, especially branches? Not too bad a match for Lich. Colo. 540. The correct name for this from Sheard's unpublished key is R. maculans Müll. Arg.

Rinodina oxydata (Massal.) Massal. s. lat.

Pale tan thallus, rimose areolate with flat areoles, occ. areoles dispersed to to rough substrate; atranorin present; ascospores Mischoblastia-type; apothecia mostly immersed (cryptolecanorine) but occ. becoming ± sessile; on HCl- rock.

Rinodina subminuta H. Magn.

Thallus whitish, containing zeorin. Apothecia erumpent, initially immersed in thallus. Ascospores Physcia-type. On bark.

Rinodina tephraspis Tuck.

Thallus variable, pale gray, well developed and ± continuous with weakly lobed margins, of crowded, flattened to weakly rounded areoles to inconspicuous small areoles among rock crystals, C-, KC- zeorin? (needs to be checked) or C+, KC+ 5-O-methylhiascic acid ± zeorin. Apothecia conspicuous, sessile with well developed lecanorine margin. Ascospores Physcia-type? On HCl- rock.

XXXII. ROCCELLACEAE

1. Undescribed? Genus

Thallus placodioid, orange, KOH+ violet black (violet in section). Cortex thick, of mostly anticlinal hyphae obscured by small crystals. Photobiont Trentepohlia. Medulla thick, white, filled with oxalate? crystals, I-, KOH-, C-, KC-. Apothecia sessile, ± round, with raised margin, black, epruinose. Epihymenium with dark pigment forming dark brown granules in KOH. Hypothecium not extending into thallus. Ascus grumulosa type?. Ascospores 4-celled, colorless, becoming brown and coarsely ornamented.

Further study may show that this taxon can be accommodated in Roccellina Darbish. It would be anomalous in ascomatal type and thallus pigmentation. From Dirina Fr. it differs in placodioid thallus and thallus pigmentation.

ARKANSAS. Carroll County: 10 mi W of Eureka Springs on U.S. Hwy. 62, dry south slope, limestone outcrop in open woods, 24 Apr 1954, Kramer 451 (NY). KANSAS. Cherokee County: 4 mi E of Baxter Springs on U.S. Hwy. 166, moist limestone outcrop, shaded in oak-hickory woods, 24 Apr 1954, Kramer 408 (NY).

XXXIII. SARCOGYNE

1. Sarcogyne sp. 423

MISSOURI. Cole County: without location, on calcareous rocks, 30 Aug 1898, Demetrio 423 (NY).

2. Sarcogyne sp. 21572

ARKANSAS. Searcy County: along St. Rd. 14, 4.1 mi W of jct with St. Rd. 263 (Baxter County line), on HCl- stone, 25 Apr 1988, Harris 21572 (NY).

3. Sarcogyne sp. 68706

MISSOURI. Taney County: Wetmore 68706 (MIN).

SARCOGYNE IN THE "MIDWEST"

(Preliminary thoughts based on specimens)

1. On rock HCl+ ... 2

1. On rock HCl- ... 6

2. Inner part of exciple colorless or brown ... 3

2. Inner part of exciple green; otherwise similar to S. regularis; known from a single collection from Estill County, Kentucky ... [Sarcogyne sp.]

3. Disk black or reddish, epruinose or thinly pruinose ... 4

3. Disk with thick, stark white pruina; margin black, ± epruinose, strongly raised; apothecia large, ca. 1 mm across; paraphyses thick, ca. 6 µm across at tips with broad locule, ca. 5 µm across, appearing moniliform; ascospores ca. 4-5 × 2.5 µm; pycnidia not found; a single collection from Cole County, MO ... Sarcogyne sp. 423

4. Disk black or slightly reddish, usually pruinose, occasionally epruinose; pruina thin, whitish; margin usually raised, occasionally disappearing, black, usually epruinose, occasionally thinly pruinose; rarely whole apothecium moderately pruinose; apothecia variable in size, ca. 0.5-1 mm across; exciple mostly pale within, dark brown outside, often only above adjacent to hymenium, composed of rather large, radiately arranged cells; ascospores ca. 4-6 × 2-3 µm; pycnidia inconspicuous, ± globose; conidiospores elliptical to elliptic-oblong, 2.5-3.5 × 1-1.5 µm; common (Sarcogyne regularis) ... 5

4. Disk reddish, even when dry, epruinose; margin black, slightly raised; apothecia sometimes curling away from rock exposing white medulla filled with small crystals; exciple similar to above except for lower part densely filled with small crystals; ascospores 4-5 × 2-2.5 µm; Nebraska ... [Sarcogyne novomexicana H. Magn.?]

5. Apothecia sessile ... Sarcogyne regularis Körber

5. Apothecia sunken in limestone, ± flush with surface, with external aspect of a Verrucaria, 0.3-0.7 mm diam, thin, ca. 0.1 mm in center; margin black, slightly raised above disk; disk blackish, weakly to moderately whitish pruinose; epithecium yellow-brown; exciple dark brown outside, paler brown inside; pigment mainly between hyphae; ascospores 5-7 × 2-2.5 µm; thallus white; Taney County, MO, Wetmore 68706 (MIN) ... Sarcogyne sp. 68706 (S. regularis s. lat.)

6. Disk and margin black to slightly reddish, epruinose, usually smooth and shiny, disk occasionally minutely fissured and roughened in old age; exciple dark brown outside, pale brown inside, with large celled radiating hyphae visible; ascospores rod-like ca. 4.5-5.5 × 1.5-2.2 µm; pycnidia common, rather large and conspicuous, occasionally in clusters; conidiospores tiny, ca. 2-4 × 0.5 µm; common, favoring sandstone? ... Sarcogyne similis H. Magn.

6. Disk reddish, smooth, epruinose; margin black, raised ... 7

7. Apothecia to 2 mm across; margin radiately cracked and weakly crenate; exciple black and hyphae not visible; ascospores similar to S. similis; pycnidia not seen; known from single Carter County collection on granite ... Sarcogyne privigna (Ach.) Massal.

7. Apothecia to 0.8 mm across, thin; margin smooth; exciple brown outside, paler inside, with irregular bodies of darker pigment between? hyphae; pycnidia not seen; ascospores ca. 5.5 × 2.3 µm; Arkansas, on chert? in dolomite area ... Sarcogyne sp. 21572

XXXIV. SPHINCTRINA

1. Sphinctrina sp.

Ascospores 2-celled, ± fusiform, ± smooth; stalk short; exciple reddish, KOH+ purplish.

ARKANSAS. Newton County: Boston Mountains, Ozark National Forest, Alum Cove Recreation Area, sec. 17, T14N, R21W, ca. 600 m. oak-hickory, on Pertusaria velata (Turner) Nyl., 24 Apr 1988, Harris 21499 (NY).

XXXV. STRIGULA

1. Strigula sp. 31879

Thallus endolithic. Perithecia ca. half immersed, not carbonized below, ca. 0.3 mm diam. Ascospores 2-celled, 13-14 × 3.5-4 µm. Macroconidia 12-15 × 3.5-4.5 µm.

This may eventually be included in the variation of S. bermudana (Nyl.) R. C. Harris, a Caribbean taxon, but is here kept separate on account of the smaller ascomata and ascospores.

2. Strigula sp. 41471

Thallus endophloeodal. Perithecia mostly immersed, ca. 0.3-4 mm diam. Perithecial wall brown above, colorless below. Ascospores 4-celled, 19-22 × 5-6.5 µm. Macroconidia not found.

Possibly a variant of S. jamesii (Swinscow) R. C. Harris but the ascospores are larger (14-17 × 4-5 µm).

MISSOURI. Carter County: Mark Twain National Forest, along S side of Skyline Drive (FS 3280), ca. 2.8 mi SW of MO 103, 3657'N, 9102'W, 220-265 m, oak-pine-Nyssa woodland, on Nyssa, 13 Oct 1997, Harris 41471 (NY).

XXXVI. VERRUCARIA

The treatment of Verrucaria is so very tentative, we see no reason to cite collections for the problem taxa.

1. Verrrucaria sp. 21599 (may be two taxa here?)

Growing on HCl± rock, often chert. Thallus a thin, brownish, semi-translucent film. Hypothallus pale; perithecia superficial, conical or flattened, open below; ascospores variable, 15-25 × 8-14 µm.

2. Verrrucaria sp. 21680-B - Arkansas; on HCl- chert; thallus dark brown, thinner, applanate rimose-areolate; hypothallus black; perithecia mostly 1/areole, central; ascospores 17-21 × 9-11 µm.

3. Verrrucaria sp. 31871

Growing on HCl- rock. Thallus dark brown, pruinose appearing, rimose-areolate. Hypothallus pale. Perithecia mostly located between areoles. Ascospores 14-17 × 7-8 µm.

4. Verrrucaria sp. 31920

Growing on HCl+ rock. Thallus endolithic/white. Hypothallus pale. Perithecia semi-immersed. Clypeus dome-like to base or below, smaller than V. muralis Ach. Ascospores medium, 16-19 × 6-8 µm.

5. Verrrucaria sp. (V. baldensis Massal. group)

Growing on HCl+ rock. Thallus endolithic/white. Hypothallus pale. Perithecia as in V. baldensis but ascomata larger. Ascospores smaller, 13-16 × 9-10 µm.

6. Verrrucaria sp. "Victoria Glade"

Growing with V. calkinsiana on HCl+ rock. Thallus endolithic. Hypothallus pale. Perithecia immersed, smaller than V. calciseda. Wall/exciple entire, black. Ascospores large, 27-33 × 15-17 µm.

7. Verrrucaria sp. "Indiana Jones"

Growing on HCl+ rock. Thallus olive brown, rimose-areolate. Hypothallus pale. Perithecia often 1/areole, central. Clypeus black to base. Ascospores medium.

XXXVII. STERILE SPORODOCHIAL GENUS UNKNOWN

1) Sporodochial (Tylophoron-like) Thallus whitish, thin, with Trentepohlia. Sporodochia white, round, flattened to hemispherical, K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-, consisting of colorless, disarticulating hyphae obscured by small crystals which dissolve in KOH to form faintly yellowish gelatinous precipitate. Hyphae and "arthrospores" with low, irregular, ± indistinct warts. "Arthrospores" with 2-several cells. TLC unknown spot just above stictic acid, H₂SO₄ + heat orangish. On lower side of decorticate juniper trunk.

The sporodochia are very similar to those of Tylophoron protrudens, differing in warted "arthrospores" and in chemistry. Photobiont also congruent with Tylophoron. However, an ?Arthonia/Schismatomma det. Tuckerman as A. glaucescens (South Carolina, Ravenel) also has similar sporodochia.

MISSOURI. Oregon County: Mark Twain National Forest, McCormack Lake Recreation Area, dolomite bluff along N side of Eleven Point River, 3649'N, 9121'W, on underside of decorticate juniper trunk at top of bluff, 10 Oct 1997, Harris 41643 (NY).

PARASYMBIONTS/PARASITES/ALGAL PARASITES

XXXVIII. NAETROCYMBE?

1. Naetrocymbe? sp.

On green alga sometimes mixed with cyanobacteria; algal crust not evident or forming ± shiny dark brown crust; on non-calcareous rock. Ascomata hemispherical, open below. Asci pyriform. Ascospores narrowly ovate, 2-celled, lower cell usually longer and narrower than upper, with a diffuse halo, 17-22 × 5-8 µm. Microconidia oblong to ellipsoid, ca. 3 × 1.5 µm.

MISSOURI. Carter County: Peck Ranch Conservation Area, vicinity of Stegall Mountain Fire Tower, 3705'N, 9112'W, 350-410 m, on pebbles in temporary pool, 16 Apr 1997, Harris 40413, 17 Oct 1997, Buck 32851, 32867, 32873 (NY).

Seems close to N. saxicola (Massal.) R. C. Harris which differs in narrower ascospores, calcareous substrate and association with cyanobacteria.

XXXIX. STIGMIDIUM?

1. Stigmidium? sp.

On Lichinaceae? with Gloeocapsa, on loosely aggregated cyanobacteria with yellow brown sheaths or irregular blackish clumps of miscellaneous cyanobacteria. Ascomata black, shiny, slightly immersed to sessile, hemispherical to ± subglobose, slightly indented at osiole. Exciple entire, ± soft when wet. Ascospores 14-17 × 6.5-7.5 µm.

Generic disposition and whether all three collections are conspecific needs requires further study.

MISSOURI. Jefferson County: W-facing dolomite glade, E of Mammoth Creek Rd., on slopes above Ridenour Hollow, on dolomite, 19 Sep 1990, Buck 18022 (NY); Oregon County: Mark Twain National Forest, Falling Spring, dolomitic bluff and old glade on W-facing slope W of Falling Spring, 17 Apr 1997, Harris 40482; Ozark County: Mark Twain National Forest, Smoke Tree Scenic Lookout, along FS 147 (Glade Top Trail), 3648'N, 9243'W, 350-425 m, Cotter dolomitic glade on S-facing slope with seasonal stream in ravine, on dolomite in streambed, 18 Apr1997, Buck 32015 (NY).